Vi polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines afford similar early, IgM or IgG-independent control of infection but boosting with conjugated Vi vaccines sustains the efficacy of immune responses.

Introduction: Vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or protein-Vi typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) can protect adults against Typhi infections. TCVs offer better protection than Vi-PS in infants and may offer better protection in adults. Potential reasons for why TCV may be superior in adults are not fully understood.

Outer membrane protein size and LPS O-antigen define protective antibody targeting to the Salmonella surface.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (O-Ag) is known to limit antibody binding to surface antigens, although the relationship between antibody, O-Ag and other outer-membrane antigens is poorly understood. Here we report, immunization with the trimeric porin OmpD from Salmonella Typhimurium (STmOmpD) protects against infection. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate this is because OmpD trimers generate footprints within the O-Ag layer sufficiently sized for a single IgG Fab to access.

YraP Contributes to Cell Envelope Integrity and Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.

Mutations in σ-regulated lipoproteins have previously been shown to impact bacterial viability under conditions of stress and during infection. YraP is conserved across a number of Gram-negative pathogens, including , where the homolog is a component of the Bexsero meningococcal group B vaccine. Investigations using laboratory-adapted K-12 have shown that mutants have elevated sensitivity to a range of compounds, including detergents and normally ineffective antibiotics.

IgG Responses to Porins and Lipopolysaccharide within an Outer Membrane-Based Vaccine against Nontyphoidal Develop at Discordant Rates.

Antibodies acquired after vaccination or natural infection with Gram-negative bacteria, such as invasive serovar Typhimurium, can protect against disease. Immunization with naturally shed outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria is being studied for its potential to protect against many infections, since antigens within vesicles maintain their natural conformation and orientation. Shedding can be enhanced through genetic modification, and the resulting particles, generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), not only offer potential as vaccines but also can facilitate the study of B-cell responses to bacterial antigens.

Role of a single noncoding nucleotide in the evolution of an epidemic African clade of .

serovar Typhimurium ST313 is a relatively newly emerged sequence type that is causing a devastating epidemic of bloodstream infections across sub-Saharan Africa. Analysis of hundreds of genomes has revealed that ST313 is closely related to the ST19 group of Typhimurium that cause gastroenteritis across the world. The core genomes of ST313 and ST19 vary by only ∼1,000 SNPs.