Identification and classification of distinct surface markers of T regulatory cells.

Background: Regulatory T (Treg) cells have emerged as key players in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Although significant progress has been made in recent years to define the Treg surface markers involved with or identifying their suppressive function, there remains much to be elucidated, and many questions persist. This study determined the expression of surface markers on human peripheral Treg cells and conventional T (Tconv) cells in a steady state and after activation to gain insight into their mechanism of action and more precisely characterize this regulatory population in humans.

Age-Related Changes in Female Murine Reproductive Mucosa with respect to T Cell Presence.

Many studies have demonstrated a general decline and dysregulation in immune functions with age. It is not clear, however, how the aging affects the immune surveillance of the female reproductive tract (FRT) by T cells, a unique population of T lymphocytes that was shown to regulate homeostasis of epithelial barriers. First, we analyzed T cell presence in FRT in young (2 months) and old (18 months) wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice.

Peripheral blood subpopulations of Bregs producing IL-35 in women with endometriosis.

Problem: Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis by suppressing immunoreaction and promoting endometrial cell proliferation. It may also be an essential cytokine in forming the immunosuppressive functions of regulatory B lymphocytes (Bregs). The involvement of Bregs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been previously investigated.

CD91 Derived Treg Epitope Modulates Regulatory T Lymphocyte Response, Regulates Expression of Costimulatory Molecules on Antigen-Presenting Cells, and Rescues Pregnancy in Mouse Pregnancy Loss Model.

The loss of immune tolerance to fetal antigens may result in reproductive failure. The downregulated number and activity of T regulatory lymphocytes, which are critical for the establishment of immune tolerance to fetal antigens, during pregnancy may lead to miscarriage. The adoptive transfer of Tregs prevents fetal loss in abortion-prone mice.

Differential Signals From TNFα-Treated and Untreated Embryos in Uterine Tissues and Splenic CD4 T Lymphocytes During Preimplantation Pregnancy in Mice.

The main aim of this study was to examine if a female mouse body in preimplantation pregnancy can distinguish between embryos of normal and impaired biological quality in the local and peripheral compartments. Normal (control group) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α)-treated embryos (experimental group) at the morula stage were non-surgically transferred into the uteri of CD-1 strain [Crl:CD1(Icr)] female murine recipients. Twenty-four hours after the embryo transfer, females were euthanised, and uteri and spleens were dissected.

Tregitopes regulate the tolerogenic immune response and decrease the foetal death rate in abortion-prone mouse matings.

The imbalance in immune tolerance may cause the variety of reproductive failures. An intravenous immunoglobulin infusion (IVIg) therapy is used to improve the live birth rate in women suffering from recurrent pregnancy loss, recurrent spontaneous abortions and recurrent implantation failures. However, the results of IVIg studies are still inconclusive as IVIg infusion in women suffering from pregnancy loss is sometimes ineffective.

Pre-Growth Culture Conditions Affect Type 1 Fimbriae-Dependent Adhesion of .

Among various fimbrial structures used by to colonize host tissues, type 1 fimbriae (T1F) are among the most extensively studied. Although some experiments have shown the importance of T1F in the initial stages of infection, their exact role in the infection process is not fully known. We suggested that different outcomes of T1F investigations were due to the use of different pre-infection growth conditions for the induction of the T1F.

Regulatory B cells with IL-35 and IL-10 expression in a normal and abortion-prone murine pregnancy model.

Problem: Interleukin 35 is a relatively newly discovered cytokine that is produced by regulatory B cells (Bregs) and contributes to their suppressive function, which may contribute to fetal tolerance development and pregnancy maintenance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Bregs and expression of IL-35 and IL-10 in these cells in a normal and abortion-prone murine pregnancy model.

Methods Of Study: The frequency of Bregs and expression level of IL-35 and IL-10 in these cells were measured in peripheral blood, uterine draining lymph nodes, uterus, and decidua using flow cytometry.

Expression of Toll-like receptors and costimulatory molecules in splenic B cells in a normal and abortion-prone murine pregnancy model.

Problem: The regulatory role of B lymphocytes in the pregnancy-induced maternal immune response is not well recognized. B lymphocytes function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and regulate Toll-like receptors and costimulatory molecule expression in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and MHC class II and the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 in splenic B cells in a normal and abortion-prone murine pregnancy model.

The Novel Type 1 Fimbriae FimH Receptor Calreticulin Plays a Role in Host Specificity.

It was suggested that minor differences in the structure of FimH are most likely associated with differences in its adhesion specificities and may determine the tropism of various serovars to different species and tissues. We have recently shown that FimH adhesins from host-adapted serovars, e.g.

Global decrease in the expression of signalling pathways' genes in murine uterus during preimplantation pregnancy.

Early preimplantation embryo-maternal communication is crucial for the establishment and development of pregnancy. Though the involvement of several candidate genes and proteins in this complex event has been described, the hierarchy of molecular networks governing this communication remains unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of embryos in the uterine lumen stimulated or inhibited gene expression in the uterine tissue on day 3.