Advancements in Cardiac CT Imaging: The Era of Artificial Intelligence.

In the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has influenced the field of cardiac computed tomography (CT), with its scope further enhanced by advanced methodologies such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). The AI-driven techniques leverage large datasets to develop and train algorithms capable of making precise evaluations and predictions. The realm of cardiac CT is expanding day by day and multiple tools are offered to answer different questions.

The GREENWATER study: patients' green sensitivity and potential recovery of injected contrast agents.

Objectives: The environmental footprint of iodinated contrast agents (ICAs) and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is noteworthy. This study assesses: (1) patients' "green sensitivity" as measured by their acceptance in a sustainability study and (2) the resulting potential reduction of contrast residuals in wastewater.

Materials And Methods: After ethical approval, participants scheduled for administration of ICAs or GBCAs for diagnostic purposes were enrolled in this prospective observational study from July 2022 to October 2023.

Impact of AI on radiology: a EuroAIM/EuSoMII 2024 survey among members of the European Society of Radiology.

In order to assess the perceptions and expectations of the radiology staff about artificial intelligence (AI), we conducted an online survey among ESR members (January-March 2024). It was designed considering that conducted in 2018, updated according to recent advancements and emerging topics, consisting of seven questions regarding demographics and professional background and 28 AI questions. Of 28,000 members contacted, 572 (2%) completed the survey.

Using a Recurrent Neural Network To Inform the Use of Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) and PSA Density for Dynamic Monitoring of the Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression on Active Surveillance.

Unlabelled: The global uptake of prostate cancer (PCa) active surveillance (AS) is steadily increasing. While prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) is an important baseline predictor of PCa progression on AS, there is a scarcity of recommendations on its use in follow-up. In particular, the best way of measuring PSAD is unclear.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in biomedical research: discussion on authors' declaration of AI in their articles title.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and its different approaches, from machine learning to deep learning, are not new. We discuss here about the declaration of AI in the title of those articles dealing with AI. From 1990 to 2021, while AI articles in the PubMed increased from 300 to 59,596, the percentage declaring AI in the title describes a U-like-shaped curve: about 30% in early 1990s, less than 13% in 2005-2014, again 30% in 2020-2021.

Open issues for education in radiological research: data integrity, study reproducibility, peer-review, levels of evidence, and cross-fertilization with data scientists.

We are currently facing extraordinary changes. A harder and harder competition in the field of science is open in each country as well as in continents and worldwide. In this context, what should we teach to young students and doctors? There is a need to look backward and return to "fundamentals", i.

Artificial intelligence for digital breast tomosynthesis: Impact on diagnostic performance, reading times, and workload in the era of personalized screening.

The ultimate goals of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) are the reduction of reading times, the increase of diagnostic performance, and the reduction of interval cancer rates. In this review, after outlining the journey from computer-aided detection/diagnosis systems to AI applied to digital mammography (DM), we summarize the results of studies where AI was applied to DBT, noting that long-term advantages of DBT screening and its crucial ability to decrease the interval cancer rate are still under scrutiny. AI has shown the capability to overcome some shortcomings of DBT in the screening setting by improving diagnostic performance and by reducing recall rates (from -2 % to -27 %) and reading times (up to -53 %, with an average 20 % reduction), but the ability of AI to reduce interval cancer rates has not yet been clearly investigated.

Mammography biomarkers of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health: A review.

Breast density (BD) and breast arterial calcifications (BAC) can expand the role of mammography. In premenopause, BD is related to body fat composition: breast adipose tissue and total volume are potential indicators of fat storage in visceral depots, associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Women with fatty breast have an increased likelihood of hypercholesterolemia.

Transperineal Ultrasound Before and After Prostatectomy: Technical Approach and Description.

This study assessed the feasibility of dynamic transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) pre/post-radical prostatectomy (RP). Ninety-eight patients were scanned pre-operatively and at four time-points post-operatively. TPUS was performed in 98 patients using an abdominal transducer at rest, during pelvic floor contraction (PFC) and Valsalva (VS) maneuver in supine and standing positions.

Value of the capsular enhancement sign on dynamic contrast-enhanced prostate multiparametric MRI for the detection of extracapsular extension.

Purpose: To retrospectively determine the prevalence and diagnostic performance of the capsular enhancement sign (CES) on multiparametric (mp) MRI for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) extracapsular extension (ECE).

Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent mpMRI prior to radical prostatectomy. CES was defined as an area of asymmetrical early hyperenhancement on DCE-MRI adjacent to a peripheral zone tumour, matched or exceeded the tumour circumferential diameter, and with persistent enhancement.

Use of an antagonist of HMGB1 in mice affected by malignant mesothelioma: a preliminary ultrasound and optical imaging study.

Background: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumor, with a poor prognosis, usually unresectable due to late diagnosis, mainly treated with chemotherapy. BoxA, a truncated form of "high mobility group box 1" (HMGB1), acting as an HMGB1 antagonist, might exert a defensive action against MM. We investigated the potential of BoxA for MM treatment using experimental 40-MHz ultrasound and optical imaging (OI) in a murine model.

Evaluation of image-based prognostic parameters of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: A literature review.

Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer, and radical prostatectomy is a highly effective treatment for intermediate and high-risk disease. However, post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence remains a major functional side-effect in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Despite recent improvements in preoperative imaging quality and surgical techniques, it remains challenging to predict or prevent occurrence of this complication.

Initial chest radiographs and artificial intelligence (AI) predict clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: analysis of 697 Italian patients.

Objective: To evaluate whether the initial chest X-ray (CXR) severity assessed by an AI system may have prognostic utility in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: This retrospective single-center study included adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) between February 25 and April 9, 2020, with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed on real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Initial CXRs obtained on ED presentation were evaluated by a deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) system and compared with the Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema (RALE) score, calculated by two experienced radiologists.

Synergic role of preoperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and MRI parameters in predicting histopathological features of endometrial cancer.

Background: The aim of the present study is to explore the correlation between PET and MRI parameters of primary tumour and clinicopathological features and to determine their synergic predictive role in patients with endometrial cancer candidate to surgery.

Methods: Retrospective study including 27 patients with endometrial cancer and preoperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-PET and MRI scan. The following parameters, calculated on the primary tumour, were used for analysis: maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean, metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) for PET scans; mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmean) and volume index for MRI scans.

A New Model of Chronic Lung Infection in Immunocompetent Mice.

Pulmonary infections caused by (MA) have increased over recent decades, affecting individuals with underlying pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis and, especially, cystic fibrosis. The lack of a representative and standardized model of chronic infection in mice has limited steps forward in the field of pulmonary infection. To overcome this challenge, we refined the method of agar beads to establish chronic infection in immunocompetent mice.

Elective Embolization of Splenic Artery Aneurysms with an Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Agent (Squid) and Detachable Coils.

Purpose: To report the safety and efficacy of the embolization of splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) with coils plus ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) agent.

Materials And Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted from 2016 to 2019 to collect SAAs. Twelve asymptomatic patients (mean age, 59 years) with 15 SAAs (mean size, 23.

A rare case of a giant arterio-venous fistula (AVF) following metastatic choriocarcinoma conditioning pulmonary embolism: multimodal transcatheter embolization using a simultaneous transarterial and transvenous approach.

Background: Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor but with a good prognosis due to the valid response to systemic chemotherapy. We present a case of a young woman affected by a giant pelvic arterio-venous fistula following a metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma, conditioning metrorrhagia and pulmonary embolism, successfully treated by multimodal transcatheter embolization, using a simultaneous transarterial and transvenous approach.

Case Presentation: In a young patient affected by choriocarcinoma and metrorrhagia, a computed tomography showed a giant arterio-venous fistula, pulmonary metastases and embolism.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for ovary assessment in a murine model: preliminary findings on the protective role of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue from chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage.

The prolonged, gonadotoxic effect of chemotherapy can finally lead to infertility in female cancer survivors. There is controversial evidence regarding the protective role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-a) on chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage. In the present study on a murine model, ultrasound (US) and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) were firstly used to characterise ovarian glands in normal conditions to validate a preclinical model.

A rare case of a giant arterio-venous fistula (AVF) following metastatic choriocarcinoma conditioning pulmonary embolism: multimodal transcatheter embolization using a simultaneous transarterial and transvenous approach.

Background: Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor but with a good prognosis due to the valid response to systemic chemotherapy. We present a case of a young woman affected by a giant pelvic arterio-venous fistula following a metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma, conditioning metrorrhagia and pulmonary embolism, successfully treated by multimodal transcatheter embolization, using a simultaneous transarterial and transvenous approach.

Case Presentation: In a young patient affected by choriocarcinoma and metrorrhagia, a computed tomography showed a giant arterio-venous fistula, pulmonary metastases and embolism.