Matrix is everywhere: extracellular DNA is a link between biofilm and mineralization in Bacillus cereus planktonic lifestyle.

To date, the mechanisms of biomineralization induced by bacterial cells in the context of biofilm formation remain the subject of intensive studies. In this study, we analyzed the influence of the medium components on the induction of CaCO precipitation by the Bacillus cereus cells and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) formed in the submerged culture. While the accumulation of extracellular polysaccharides and amyloids appeared to be independent of the presence of calcium and urea during the growth, the accumulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA), as well as precipitation of calcium carbonate, required the presence of both ingredients in the medium.

Effect of Brown Algae and Lichen Extracts on the SCOBY Microbiome and Kombucha Properties.

Kombucha tea was made by the fermentation of SCOBY culture of green tea broth with the addition of algae extract, lichen extract and their mixture. Kombucha was also made without the herbal supplements as a control. After 11 days of fermentation, in addition to the yeast and the bacteria and contained in all of the samples, the yeast and bacteria were detected in the samples with the herbal extracts.

Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae L. of the Barents Sea.

Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in cell walls of brown algae, are considered as a promising antimicrobial component for various applications in medicine and the food industry. In this study, we compare the antibacterial properties of two fractions of fucoidan from the brown algae gathered in the littoral of the Barents Sea and sampled at different stages of purification. The crude fraction of fucoidan was isolated from algae by extraction with aqueous ethanol and sonication.

Calcifying Bacteria Flexibility in Induction of CaCO Mineralization.

Microbially induced CaCO precipitation (MICP) is considered as an alternative green technology for cement self-healing and a basis for the development of new biomaterials. However, some issues about the role of bacteria in the induction of biogenic CaCO crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation are still debatable. Our aims were to screen for ureolytic calcifying microorganisms and analyze their MICP abilities during their growth in urea-supplemented and urea-deficient media.

Nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis of a highly ordered chitopolysaccharide substrate.

Chitin and chitosan can undergo nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis by several different hydrolases. This susceptibility to nonspecific enzymes opens up many opportunities for producing chitooligosaccharides and low molecular weight chitopolysaccharides, since specific chitinases and chitosanases are rare and not commercially available. In this study, chitosan and chitin were hydrolyzed using several commercially available hydrolases.

A novel acid-tolerant β-xylanase from Scytalidium candidum 3C for the synthesis of o-nitrophenyl xylooligosaccharides.

Endo-β-xylanases are hemicellulases involved in the conversion of xylans in plant biomass. Here, we report a novel acidophilic β-xylanase (ScXynA) with high transglycosylation abilities that was isolated from the filamentous fungus Scytalidium candidum 3C. ScXynA was identified as a glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) dimeric protein, with a molecular weight of 38 ± 5 kDa per subunit.

Crystal and Supramolecular Structure of Bacterial Cellulose Hydrolyzed by Cellobiohydrolase from 3C: A Basis for Development of Biodegradable Wound Dressings.

The crystal and supramolecular structure of the bacterial cellulose (BC) has been studied at different stages of cellobiohydrolase hydrolysis using various physical and microscopic methods. Enzymatic hydrolysis significantly affected the crystal and supramolecular structure of native BC, in which the 3D polymer network consisted of nanoribbons with a thickness ≈ 8 nm and a width ≈ 50 nm, and with a developed specific surface ≈ 260 m·g. Biodegradation for 24 h led to a ten percent decrease in the mean crystal size of BC, to two-fold increase in the sizes of nanoribbons, and in the specific surface area up to ≈ 100 m·g.

Scytalidium candidum 3C is a new name for the Geotrichum candidum Link 3C strain.

In the 1970s, the strain Geotrichum candidum Link 3C was isolated from rotting rope and since then has been extensively studied as a source of cellulose and xylan-degrading enzymes. The original identification of the strain was based only on morphological characters of the fungal mycelium in culture. Recent comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments derived from the draft genome published in 2015 did not show its similarity to G.

Correlation of structure, function and protein dynamics in GH7 cellobiohydrolases from , and .

Background: The ascomycete fungus is the predominant source of enzymes for industrial conversion of lignocellulose. Its glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolase (GH7 CBH) Cel7A constitutes nearly half of the enzyme cocktail by weight and is the major workhorse in the cellulose hydrolysis process. The orthologs from (Cel7A) and (Cel7A) show high sequence identity with Cel7A, ~ 80%, and represent naturally evolved combinations of cellulose-binding tunnel-enclosing loop motifs, which have been suggested to influence intrinsic cellobiohydrolase properties, such as endo-initiation, processivity, and off-rate.

Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and biochemical characterization of the unmodified sulfatase from Fusarium proliferatum LE1.

Sulfatases are a family of enzymes (sulfuric ester hydrolases, EC 3.1.6.

Characterization of a new α-l-fucosidase isolated from Fusarium proliferatum LE1 that is regioselective to α-(1 → 4)-l-fucosidic linkage in the hydrolysis of α-l-fucobiosides.

Here, we report the biochemical characterization of a novel α-l-fucosidase with broad substrate specificity (FpFucA) isolated from the mycelial fungus Fusarium proliferatum LE1. Highly purified α-l-fucosidase was obtained from several chromatographic steps after growth in the presence of l-fucose. The purified α-l-fucosidase appeared to be a monomeric protein of 67 ± 1 kDa that was able to hydrolyze the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl α-l-fucopyranoside (pNPFuc), with K = 1.

The 2.2-Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the carboxy-terminal region of ataxin-3.

An expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) sequence in ataxin-3 protein causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. The crystal structure of the polyQ-containing carboxy-terminal fragment of human ataxin-3 was solved at 2.2-Å resolution.

Sequencing, biochemical characterization, crystal structure and molecular dynamics of cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Geotrichum candidum 3C.

Unlabelled: The ascomycete Geotrichum candidum is a versatile and efficient decay fungus that is involved, for example, in biodeterioration of compact discs; notably, the 3C strain was previously shown to degrade filter paper and cotton more efficiently than several industrial enzyme preparations. Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 7 cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) are the primary constituents of industrial cellulase cocktails employed in biomass conversion, and feature tunnel-enclosed active sites that enable processive hydrolytic cleavage of cellulose chains. Understanding the structure-function relationships defining the activity and stability of GH7 CBHs is thus of keen interest.

The method of integrated kinetics and its applicability to the exo-glycosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl glycosides.

In the present work we suggest an efficient method, using the whole time course of the reaction, whereby parameters kcat, Km and product KI for the hydrolysis of a p-nitrophenyl glycoside by an exo-acting glycoside hydrolase can be estimated in a single experiment. Its applicability was demonstrated for three retaining exo-glycoside hydrolases, β-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori, β-galactosidase from Penicillium sp. and α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima (TmGalA).

α-Galactobiosyl units: thermodynamics and kinetics of their formation by transglycosylations catalysed by the GH36 α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima.

Broad regioselectivity of α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima (TmGal36A) is a limiting factor for application of the enzyme in the directed synthesis of oligogalactosides. However, this property can be used as a convenient tool in studies of thermodynamics of a glycosidic bond. Here, a novel approach to energy difference estimation is suggested.

Xylan degradation improved by a combination of monolithic columns bearing immobilized recombinant β-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori X-100 and Grindamyl H121 β-xylanase.

Synergistic action of exo- and endohydrolazes is preferred for effective destruction of biopolymers. The main purpose of the present work was to develop an efficient tool for degradation of xylan. Macroporous lab-made monolithic columns and commercial CIM-Epoxy disk were used to immobilize the recombinant β-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori and Grindamyl β-xylanase.

The novel strain Fusarium proliferatum LE1 (RCAM02409) produces α-L-fucosidase and arylsulfatase during the growth on fucoidan.

Enzymes capable of modifying the sulfated polymeric molecule of fucoidan are mainly produced by different groups of marine organisms: invertebrates, bacteria, and also some fungi. We have discovered and identified a new strain of filamentous fungus Fusarium proliferatum LE1 (deposition number in Russian Collection of Agricultural Microorganisms is RCAM02409), which is a potential producer of fucoidan-degrading enzymes. The strain LE1 (RCAM02409) was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and analysis of ITS sequences of ribosomal DNA.

Draft Genome Sequence of Geotrichum candidum Strain 3C.

We report here the draft genome sequence of Geotrichum candidum strain 3C, which is a filamentous yeast-like fungus that holds great promise for biotechnology. The genome was sequenced using Ion Torrent and 454 platforms. The estimated genome size was 41.

Catalytic mechanism of human alpha-galactosidase.

The enzyme alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL, also known as alpha-GAL A; E.C. 3.

Transglycosylating and hydrolytic activities of the beta-mannosidase from Trichoderma reesei.

A purified beta-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.

Novel precipitated fluorescent substrates for the screening of cellulolytic microorganisms.

New substrates, 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-phenyl (BTP) cellooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (d.p.) 2-4 (BTPG(2-4)) were synthesized for the screening of microbial cellulolytic activity in plate assays.

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of laminarinase from Rhodothermus marinus: a case of pseudomerohedral twinning.

Thermophilic endo-1,3(4)-beta glucanase (laminarinase) from Rhodothermus marinus was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method. The needle-like crystals belong to space group P2(1) and contain two protein molecules in the asymmetric unit with a solvent content of 51.75 %.