Asymmetric neurons are necessary for olfactory learning in the Drosophila brain.

Animals have complementary parallel memory systems that process signals from various sensory modalities. In the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, mushroom body (MB) circuitry is the primary associative neuropil, critical for all stages of olfactory memory. Here, our findings suggest that active signaling from specific asymmetric body (AB) neurons is also crucial for this process.

Deep-computer-generated holography with temporal-focusing and a digital propagation matrix for rapid 3D multiphoton stimulation.

Deep learning-based computer-generated holography (DeepCGH) has the ability to generate three-dimensional multiphoton stimulation nearly 1,000 times faster than conventional CGH approaches such as the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) iterative algorithm. However, existing DeepCGH methods cannot achieve axial confinement at the several-micron scale. Moreover, they suffer from an extended inference time as the number of stimulation locations at different depths (i.

Isotropic multi-scale neuronal reconstruction from high-ratio expansion microscopy with contrastive unsupervised deep generative models.

Background And Objective: Current methods for imaging reconstruction from high-ratio expansion microscopy (ExM) data are limited by anisotropic optical resolution and the requirement for extensive manual annotation, creating a significant bottleneck in the analysis of complex neuronal structures.

Methods: We devised an innovative approach called the IsoGAN model, which utilizes a contrastive unsupervised generative adversarial network to sidestep these constraints. This model leverages multi-scale and isotropic neuron/protein/blood vessel morphology data to generate high-fidelity 3D representations of these structures, eliminating the need for rigorous manual annotation and supervision.

Sparse-view synchrotron X-ray tomographic reconstruction with learning-based sinogram synthesis.

Synchrotron radiation can be used as a light source in X-ray microscopy to acquire a high-resolution image of a microscale object for tomography. However, numerous projections must be captured for a high-quality tomographic image to be reconstructed; thus, image acquisition is time consuming. Such dense imaging is not only expensive and time consuming but also results in the target receiving a large dose of radiation.

A subset of cholinergic mushroom body neurons blocks long-term memory formation in Drosophila.

Long-term memory (LTM) requires learning-induced synthesis of new proteins allocated to specific neurons and synapses in a neural circuit. Not all learned information, however, becomes permanent memory. How the brain gates relevant information into LTM remains unclear.

Electronic Preresonance Stimulated Raman Scattering Spectromicroscopy Using Multiple-Plate Continuum.

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectromicroscopy is a powerful technique that enables label-free detection of chemical bonds with high specificity. However, the low Raman cross section due to typical far-electronic resonance excitation seriously restricts the sensitivity and undermines its application to bio-imaging. To address this bottleneck, the electronic preresonance (EPR) SRS technique has been developed to enhance the Raman signals by shifting the excitation frequency toward the molecular absorption.

Temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy with cross-modality multi-stage 3D U-Net for fast and clear bioimaging.

Temporal focusing multiphoton excitation microscopy (TFMPEM) enables fast widefield biotissue imaging with optical sectioning. However, under widefield illumination, the imaging performance is severely degraded by scattering effects, which induce signal crosstalk and a low signal-to-noise ratio in the detection process, particularly when imaging deep layers. Accordingly, the present study proposes a cross-modality learning-based neural network method for performing image registration and restoration.

BigNeuron: a resource to benchmark and predict performance of algorithms for automated tracing of neurons in light microscopy datasets.

BigNeuron is an open community bench-testing platform with the goal of setting open standards for accurate and fast automatic neuron tracing. We gathered a diverse set of image volumes across several species that is representative of the data obtained in many neuroscience laboratories interested in neuron tracing. Here, we report generated gold standard manual annotations for a subset of the available imaging datasets and quantified tracing quality for 35 automatic tracing algorithms.

Ecdysone signaling determines lateral polarity and remodels neurites to form Drosophila's left-right brain asymmetry.

Left-right (LR) asymmetry of the brain is fundamental to its higher-order functions. The Drosophila brain's asymmetrical body (AB) consists of a structural pair arborized from AB neurons and is larger on the right side than the left. We find that the AB initially forms LR symmetrically and then develops LR asymmetrically by neurite remodeling that is specific to the left AB and is dynamin dependent.

Light-field microscopy with temporal focusing multiphoton illumination for scanless volumetric bioimaging.

A temporal focusing multiphoton illumination (TFMI) method is proposed for achieving selective volume illumination (SVI) (i.e., illuminating only the volume of interest) in light-field microscopy (LFM).

Three-dimensional-generator U-net for dual-resonant scanning multiphoton microscopy image inpainting and denoising.

A dual-resonant scanning multiphoton (DRSM) microscope incorporating a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens and a resonant mirror is developed for rapid volumetric bioimaging. It is shown that the microscope achieves a volumetric imaging rate up to 31.25 volumes per second (vps) for a scanning volume of up to 200 × 200 × 100 µm with 256 × 256 × 128 voxels.

CREBB repression of protein synthesis in mushroom body gates long-term memory formation in .

Learned experiences are not necessarily consolidated into long-term memory (LTM) unless they are periodic and meaningful. LTM depends on de novo protein synthesis mediated by cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. In , two genes (, ) and multiple CREB isoforms have reported influences on aversive olfactory LTM in response to multiple cycles of spaced conditioning.

Towards stimulated Raman scattering spectro-microscopy across the entire Raman active region using a multiple-plate continuum.

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has attracted increasing attention in bio-imaging because of the ability toward background-free molecular-specific acquisitions without fluorescence labeling. Nevertheless, the corresponding sensitivity and specificity remain far behind those of fluorescence techniques. Here, we demonstrate SRS spectro-microscopy driven by a multiple-plate continuum (MPC), whose octave-spanning bandwidth (600-1300 nm) and high spectral energy density (∼1 nJ/cm) enable spectroscopic interrogation across the entire Raman active region (0-4000 cm), SRS imaging of a Drosophila brain, and electronic pre-resonance (EPR) detection of a fluorescent dye.

The new X-ray/visible microscopy MAXWELL technique for fast three-dimensional nanoimaging with isotropic resolution.

Microscopy by Achromatic X-rays With Emission of Laminar Light (MAXWELL) is a new X-ray/visible technique with attractive characteristics including isotropic resolution in all directions, large-volume imaging and high throughput. An ultrathin, laminar X-ray beam produced by a Wolter type I mirror irradiates the sample stimulating the emission of visible light by scintillating nanoparticles, captured by an optical system. Three-dimensional (3D) images are obtained by scanning the specimen with respect to the laminar beam.

Neuropeptide F inhibits dopamine neuron interference of long-term memory consolidation in .

Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires consolidation processes to overcome interfering signals that erode memory formation. Olfactory memory in involves convergent projection neuron (PN; odor) and dopaminergic neuron (DAN; reinforcement) input to the mushroom body (MB). How post-training DAN activity in the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PPL1) continues to regulate memory consolidation remains unknown.

Dihydroceramide desaturase promotes the formation of intraluminal vesicles and inhibits autophagy to increase exosome production.

Exosomes are important for cell-cell communication. Deficiencies in the human dihydroceramide desaturase gene, , increase the dihydroceramide-to-ceramide ratio and cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. However, the disease mechanism remains unknown.

Three-Dimensional Tracking of Multiple Small Insects by a Single Camera.

Many systems to monitor insect behavior have been developed recently. Yet most of these can only detect two-dimensional behavior for convenient analysis and exclude other activities, such as jumping or flying. Therefore, the development of a three-dimensional (3D) monitoring system is necessary to investigate the 3D behavior of insects.

CREBA and CREBB in two identified neurons gate long-term memory formation in .

Episodic events are frequently consolidated into labile memory but are not necessarily transferred to persistent long-term memory (LTM). Regulatory mechanisms leading to LTM formation are poorly understood, however, especially at the resolution of identified neurons. Here, we demonstrate enhanced LTM following aversive olfactory conditioning in when the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein A (CREBA) is induced in just two dorsal-anterior-lateral (DAL) neurons.

: Automatic Neuron Segmentation for Connectome Assembly.

Segmenting individual neurons from a large number of noisy raw images is the first step in building a comprehensive map of neuron-to-neuron connections for predicting information flow in the brain. Thousands of fluorescence-labeled brain neurons have been imaged. However, mapping a complete connectome remains challenging because imaged neurons are often entangled and manual segmentation of a large population of single neurons is laborious and prone to bias.

Light field microscopy based on structured light illumination.

In this Letter, we present the modeling, design, and characterization of a light sheet-based structured light illumination (SLI) light field microscopy (LFM) system for fast 3D imaging, where a digital micromirror device is employed to rapidly generate designed sinusoidal patterns in the imaging field. Specifically, we sequentially obtain uniformly illuminated and structured light field images, followed by post-processing with a new, to the best of our knowledge, algorithm that combines the deconvolution and HiLo algorithms. This enables fast volumetric imaging with improved optical cross-sectioning capability at a speed of 50 volumes per second over an imaging field of 250×250×80µ in the , , and axis, respectively.

Comprehensive map of visual projection neurons for processing ultraviolet information in the Drosophila brain.

The brain perceives visual information and controls behavior depending on its underlying neural circuits. How UV information is represented and processed in the brain remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, UV light is detected by the R7 photoreceptor that projects exclusively into the medulla layer 6 (M ).

Drosophila Brain Functional Data Analysis: A Unified Framework.

A unified framework for the analysis of fluorescence data taken by a two-photon imaging system is presented. As in the processing of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals of functional magnetic resonance imaging, the acquired functional images have to be co-registered with a structural brain atlas before delineating the regions activated by a given stimulus. The voxels whose calcium traces are highly correlated with the predicted responses are demarcated without the need for subjective reasoning.