Bile acid metabolism is altered in those with insulin resistance after gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Bile acids (BAs) are known mediators of glucose metabolism that are altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesised that post-prandial BA fractions are changed in women with Insulin resistance (IR) after recovery from GDM using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR).

Methods: 45 women median age 44(31-47) with previous GDM, including 20 with HOMA-IR >2.

Metformin in non-diabetic hyperglycaemia: the GLINT feasibility RCT.

Background: The treatment of people with diabetes with metformin can reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) and may reduce the risk of cancer. However, it is unknown whether or not metformin can reduce the risk of these outcomes in people with elevated blood glucose levels below the threshold for diabetes [i.e.

Polymorphic differences in the SOD-2 gene may affect the pathogenesis of nephropathy in patients with diabetes and diabetic complications.

Unlabelled: The effective treatment of diabetes and the prevention of diabetic complications may be improved by a better understanding of the antioxidant function of intracellular defences against oxidative stress. Polymorphisms in antioxidant genes may determine cellular oxidative stress levels as a primary pathogenic role in diabetes and/or in its complications. SOD-2 was investigated in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to ascertain if specific genotypes have any protective influences in the pathogenic mechanisms in diabetes and/or in several different complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy and diabetic controls compared to normal healthy controls.

p21(WAF1/CIP1) Expression is Differentially Regulated by Metformin and Rapamycin.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy and other age-related diseases. One of the features of DN is the elevated expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1). However, the importance of the mTOR signalling pathway in p21 regulation is poorly understood.

AKR1B10 is induced by hyperglycaemia and lipopolysaccharide in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Aldose reductase family member B10 (AKR1B10) belongs to the aldo-keto reductase gene superfamily and is closely related to aldose reductase (AKR1B1). It has been shown that AKR1B10 is present in many of the same human tissues as AKR1B1. The objective of this study was to investigate whether AKR1B10 has a role in diabetic nephropathy (DN) by investigating its response to high glucose and inflammation, both of which have been associated with the development and progression of DN.

Raising awareness of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Aim: To identify women's experience of receiving information about polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and develop an information booklet.

Method: Women from Cornwall with a diagnosis of PCOS participated in focus groups to discuss their experiences of the condition.

Findings: Participants described difficulties in sourcing credible and helpful information about PCOS.

Hydrogen sulfide induces heme oxygenase-1 in human kidney cells.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to have a potential protective role in a number of disease states including diabetes and various kidney disorders; however, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if H2S effects the expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human kidney cells. Human mesangial cells and human podocytes were cultured at normal physiological glucose concentration (5.

A predominantly neolithic origin for European paternal lineages.

The relative contributions to modern European populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers from the Near East have been intensely debated. Haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269) is the commonest European Y-chromosomal lineage, increasing in frequency from east to west, and carried by 110 million European men. Previous studies suggested a Paleolithic origin, but here we show that the geographical distribution of its microsatellite diversity is best explained by spread from a single source in the Near East via Anatolia during the Neolithic.

Significant correlation between association of polymorphism in codon 10 of transforming growth factor-beta1 T (29) C with type 1 diabetes and patients with nephropathy disorder.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that is caused by destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Type 1 diabetes is a heterogenic disease with environmental factors as well as genetic components. It is well established that environmental factors can exert their effects only on genetically susceptible patients.

Assessing the impact of a new delivery method of insulin on glycemic control using a novel trial design.

Objective: The purpose of the trial was to examine the impact of inhaled human insulin (INH) on patient or physician willingness to adopt insulin after oral diabetes agent failure.

Research Design And Methods: The EXPERIENCE trial was a one-year randomized controlled trial conducted at primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities in Europe and North America. The primary study endpoint was difference in glycated hemoglobin (A(1c)) between randomized groups at 26 weeks, and results from that phase have been reported previously.

Neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth in Plymouth, UK.

Objective: To assess the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and the preterm birth rate in Plymouth, UK, using routinely collected data from a clinical information system.

Methods: We used a clinic-based prospective case register study of all births in Plymouth UK between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1997 combined with indices of neighborhood deprivation to assess the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and the preterm birth rate. Areas (n = 43) were classified according to the Townsend index, measuring material deprivation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus in Plymouth, U.K.: prevalence, seasonal variation and associated factors.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of and associated factors in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its seasonal variation.

Study Design: A clinic-based, prospective, case register study was conducted from January 1996 to December 1997. A total of 4,942 consecutive Caucasian, pregnant women aged 15-46 years,free of a history of diabetes mellitus, underwent random plasma glucose screening and a 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test in Plymouth, U.

How well do midwives estimate the date of delivery?

Objective: to compare expected date of delivery (EDD) and gestational age (GA) obtained by midwives with those calculated using the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Death in Infancy (CESDI) recommended formula.

Design: retrospective study of obstetric records and prospective study of clinical cases examined by multiple midwives.

Setting: postnatal wards, Maternity Unit, Plymouth, Devon, UK.

Variation within the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene calpain-10 and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Variation within the calpain-10 gene (CAPN10) has been proposed to account for linkage to type 2 diabetes on chromosome 2q in Mexican-Americans, and associations with diabetes have been reported in several other populations. Given the epidemiological, physiological, and genetic overlap between type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), CAPN10 represents a strong candidate gene for a role in PCOS susceptibility. Using both family based and case-control association resources (146 parent-offspring trios; 185 additional PCOS cases; 525 control subjects, all of European ancestry), we sought association between CAPN10 variation and PCOS, focusing on four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants (SNP-44, SNP-43; SNP-19; SNP-63).