Stroke transcranial Doppler in children with human immunodeficiency virus.

Aims: To describe stroke syndromes and transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and examine the associations between TCD and clinical and laboratory data.

Method: We enrolled 42 children (24 males, 18 females) with HIV (median age=7y 6mo; 2y 7mo-15y 6mo), with and without stroke who underwent a TCD examination of the anterior and posterior circulations to derive time-averaged maximum mean velocity (TAMMV) measurements for comparison with previous studies. Clinical and laboratory variables were extracted from the medical records.

Association Between Prolonged Seizures and Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction in Children With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Malignant middle cerebral artery infarct syndrome is a potentially fatal complication of stroke that is poorly understood in children. We studied the frequency, associated characteristics, and outcomes of this condition in children.

Methods: Children, aged two months to 18 years with acute middle cerebral artery infarct diagnosed at our center between January 2005 and December 2012 were studied.

Basilar artery strokes in children: good outcomes with conservative medical treatment.

Aim: To describe outcomes and outcome predictors in childhood basilar artery stroke (BAS).

Method: We prospectively enrolled children with BAS with or without basilar artery occlusion (BAO) in the Toronto Children's Stroke Registry from 1992 to 2009. We assessed presenting features and outcomes including Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure scores.

Safety of anticoagulants in children with arterial ischemic stroke.

Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is increasingly diagnosed and carries significant risks of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. Anticoagulant therapy (ACT) is commonly prescribed in childhood AIS. Hemorrhagic complication rates in pediatric stroke are unknown, and adult safety data are of limited applicability.

A prospective outcome study of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis.

Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is a frequent contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Treatment is controversial, and reported clinical outcomes vary widely. Newborns with radiologically confirmed neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis from 1992 to 2009 were prospectively followed in our Children's Stroke Clinic for standardized outcomes, including the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure.

Risk factors and presentations of periventricular venous infarction vs arterial presumed perinatal ischemic stroke.

Objective: To determine whether clinical presentations and risk factor profiles differ between periventricular venous infarction (PVI) and arterial presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (APPIS).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: A total of 59 children with presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS) from the SickKids Children's Stroke Program who were carried to term (63% boys).

Anticoagulants in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: a safety and outcome study.

Objective: Clinical trials are lacking in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT). Neonates and children increasingly receive anticoagulant therapy (ACT) based on adult studies. Safety data for ACT in pediatric CSVT are scant and urgently needed.

Delay to diagnosis in acute pediatric arterial ischemic stroke.

Background And Purpose: For the clinician, the diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in children is a challenge. Prompt diagnosis of pediatric AIS within 6 hours enables stroke-specific thrombolytic and neuroprotective strategies.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of prospectively enrolled consecutive cohort of children with AIS, admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from January 1992 to December 2004.

Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke: vascular classification predicts outcomes.

Objective: Perinatal stroke commonly causes childhood neurological morbidity. Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS) defines children presenting outside a normal perinatal period with chronic, focal infarction on neuroimaging. Infarcts are assumed to represent arterial strokes, but recent evidence suggests the periventricular venous infarction (PVI) of infants born preterm may also occur in utero and present as PPIS.