Faculty Training on Navigating Gender and Sex in Medical Education.

Introduction: Language that assumes gender and sex are binary and aligned is pervasive in medicine and is often used when teaching on physiology and pathology. Information presented through this lens oversimplifies disease mechanisms and poorly addresses the health of gender and sexually diverse (GSD) individuals. We developed a training session to help faculty reference gender and sex in a manner that would be accurate and inclusive of GSD health.

Comparison of faculty and student perceptions of sexual and gender minority content in a preclerkship medical curriculum.

Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons experience stark health disparities. Efforts to mitigate disparities through medical education have met some success. However, evaluations have largely focused on subjective perspectives rather than objective measures.

Comparing the emotional experiences of students in similar dissection- and prosection-based medical gross anatomy courses: A mixed-methods study.

The anatomy laboratory can incite strong emotional reactions in students, which can in turn facilitate growth in empathy, care for vulnerable others, and professionalism. Despite this, little is known about the relative emotional impacts of different laboratory modalities. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic created an opportunity to compare the emotional experiences of students in similar courses in which one group of students dissected donors and the other group learned from prosected donors.

Effectiveness of Pedagogical Tools for Teaching Medical Gross Anatomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Unlabelled: Medical institutions have been forced to modify gross anatomy pedagogy to comply with the health restrictions imposed by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) is one such institution that temporarily restructured its course. We replaced cadaveric dissection activities with prosections and placed a greater emphasis on a flipped classroom model.

Unusual bilateral variation of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle and its relation on tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Purpose: During standard anatomical dissection for a medical anatomy course, we encountered an unusual bilateral variant of a unipennate flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) muscle, a supernumery muscle of the deep posterior leg and medial ankle.

Methods: We documented the muscles course and measured the diameter and length of the FDAL muscle belly, as well as the full length of its tendinous attachments.

Results: On both right and left legs, the FDAL originated from the proximal posterior fibula and distal one-third of the flexor hallucis longus muscle.

A Novel Curriculum Assessment Tool, Based on AAMC Competencies, to Improve Medical Education About Sexual and Gender Minority Populations.

Problem: Medical education aspires to mitigate bias in future professionals by providing robust curricula that include perspectives of and practices for caring for sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations; however, implementation of these ideals remains challenging. Medical school leaders motivated to improve curricula on caring for SGM populations must survey their school's current curricula to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement. In 2014, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) published 30 SGM competencies that curricula should address.

Anticipatory Feelings About Dissection: An Exercise for the First Day of a Gross Anatomy Course.

Studies have demonstrated that students experience a variety of intense emotions in anticipation of human anatomical dissection, including enthusiasm, gratitude, responsibility, apprehension, detachment, anxiety, and spiritual or moral reflection. The exercise described here provides an opportunity to start a conversation about the complexity of students' emotional reactions to the anatomy experience. The intention of this exercise is to normalize the variety of emotions that anatomy students experience, both to demonstrate to students that their emotions are normal and to encourage the empathy for others' reactions which may differ from their own.

Integrating the basic sciences in medical curricula: focus on the basic scientists.

Basic science educators are not trained as clinicians, yet are expected to adjust their content to mesh appropriately with its clinical application. While achievable, this is a challenge that requires intentional effort on the part of the basic science educators. A practical solution to facilitate curricular integration is to create experiential opportunities for basic scientists to observe the clinical application of their content and to pair these initiatives with training in effective medical education practices.

Correction to: Integrating the Educators: Outcomes of a Pilot Program to Prime Basic Science Medical Educators for Success in Integrated Curricula.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s40670-019-00742-0.].

Integrating the Educators: Outcomes of a Pilot Program to Prime Basic Science Medical Educators for Success in Integrated Curricula.

"Integrating the Educators" is a program to prepare early career basic scientists to teach effectively in integrated medical curricula, where connections between basic sciences and clinical application are highlighted and emphasized. Advanced PhD trainees received didactic training in best practices in medical education followed by 3 months shadowing clinician educator mentors. This combination of experiences was designed to contrast the methods, focus, and pace of teaching in the clinical setting compared to the typical basic science classroom.

Dermatology and anatomy laboratory: comparing three formats of integration.

Background: Medical schools rarely offer exposure to clinical dermatology in the first-year curriculum.

Objective: We describe and report student satisfaction results of three novel teaching methods for integrating basic dermatology concepts into gross anatomy laboratory.

Methods: During the first year of the intervention, 180 students attended an hour-long anatomy laboratory session during which skin lesions were examined.

Gaze patterns of gross anatomy students change with classroom learning.

Numerous studies have documented that experts exhibit more efficient gaze patterns than those of less experienced individuals. In visual search tasks, experts use fewer, longer fixations to fixate for relatively longer on salient regions of the visual field while less experienced observers spend more time examining nonsalient regions. This study investigates whether changes in gaze patterns reflect learning by students in a medical gross anatomy course.

Visualizing Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing Using Dynamic MRI.

Introduction: Coordinates of anatomical landmarks are captured using dynamic MRI to explore whether a proposed two-sling mechanism underlies hyolaryngeal elevation in pharyngeal swallowing. A principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to coordinates to determine the covariant function of the proposed mechanism.

Methods: Dynamic MRI (dMRI) data were acquired from eleven healthy subjects during a repeated swallows task.

Association between measures of patella height, morphologic features of the trochlea, and patellofemoral joint alignment: the MOST study.

Background: Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) malalignment (lateral patella displacement and tilt) has been proposed as a cause of patellofemoral pain. Patella height and/or the morphologic features of the femoral trochlea may predispose one to patella malalignment.

Questions/purposes: The purposes of our study were to assess the associations among patella height, morphologic features of the trochlea, and measures of PFJ alignment and to determine which measures of patella height and morphologic features of the trochlea were the best predictors of PFJ alignment.

Evaluating swallowing muscles essential for hyolaryngeal elevation by using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: Reduced hyolaryngeal elevation, a critical event in swallowing, is associated with radiation therapy. Two muscle groups that suspend the hyoid, larynx, and pharynx have been proposed to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex: the suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles. Thought to assist both groups is the thyrohyoid, a muscle intrinsic to the hyolaryngeal complex.

Structural analysis of muscles elevating the hyolaryngeal complex.

A critical event of pharyngeal swallowing is the elevation of the hyolaryngeal complex to open the upper esophageal sphincter. Current swallowing theory assigns this function to the submental and thyrohyoid muscles. However, the attachments of the long pharyngeal muscles indicate that they could contribute to this function, yet their role is uninvestigated in humans.

Effect of visual-spatial ability on medical students' performance in a gross anatomy course.

The ability to mentally manipulate objects in three dimensions is essential to the practice of many clinical medical specialties. The relationship between this type of visual-spatial ability and performance in preclinical courses such as medical gross anatomy is poorly understood. This study determined if visual-spatial ability is associated with performance on practical examinations, and if students' visual-spatial ability improves during medical gross anatomy.

Association between measures of trochlear morphology and structural features of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis on MRI: the MOST study.

The sulcus angle has been widely used in the literature as a measure of trochlear morphology. Recently, lateral trochlear inclination and trochlear angle have been reported as alternatives. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between measures of trochlear morphology and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) cartilage damage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs).

Quadriceps weakness, patella alta, and structural features of patellofemoral osteoarthritis.

Objective: To determine the relationship between quadriceps weakness and cartilage damage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and if this relationship is modified by patella alta.

Methods: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study is a cohort study of persons ages 50-79 years with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis. Concentric knee extensor strength was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer.

Anatomic differences after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy and open prostatectomy: implications for radiation field design.

Purpose: To investigate the anatomy of the pelvis following robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) compared to the anatomy of the pelvis following open prostatectomy (OP), and to determine if postoperative radiation field design should take surgical approach into consideration.

Methods And Materials: This report is a retrospective review of the postoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for all OP patients (10) and all RARP patients (15) who presented consecutively to the radiation oncology clinic and subsequently underwent MRI scanning between January 2007 and December 2008. All patients who presented are included in the study.

Evaluating the structural properties of suprahyoid muscles and their potential for moving the hyoid.

Superior and anterior hyoid movements are important events in pharyngeal deglutition. This cross-sectional study uses a cadaver model to document the structural properties of the muscles underlying these movements in an effort to understand how their morphology influences function. Measurements to determine physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of swallowing muscles were taken from hemisected head and neck formalin-fixed cadaver specimens (n = 13).

The relationship between bone mechanical properties and ground reaction forces in normal and hypermuscular mice.

Understanding the relationship between external load and bone morphology is critical for understanding adaptations to load in extant animals and inferring behavior in extinct forms. Yet, the relationship between bony anatomy and load is poorly understood, with empirical studies often producing conflicting results. It is widely assumed in many ecological and paleontological studies that bone size and strength reflect the forces experienced by the bone in vivo.