Using machine learning to identify pediatric ophthalmologists.

This cross-sectional study used data from the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) and machine learning algorithms to identify pediatric ophthalmologists based on physician coding patterns. A random forest model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98, sensitivity of 0.

Racial and ethnic representation of youth in type 1 diabetes interventional trials.

Background: Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic groups in clinical trials can limit generalizability of research findings and equitable access to treatment. This study evaluates racial and ethnic representation of youth in US-based interventional trials on childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: This cross-sectional study examined interventional trials of T1D conducted in the US and registered on ClinicalTrials.

Enrollment of underserved racial and ethnic populations in pediatric asthma clinical trials.

Background: The existing data on enrollment trends of historically underserved racial and ethnic children in clinical trials are limited.

Objective: We sought to evaluate documentation and representation of race and ethnicity in pediatric asthma clinical trials in the United States.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of United States-based interventional trials studying pediatric asthma that were completed between 2008 and 2022 and registered on ClinicalTrials.

Association of with Coronary Artery Calcium Differs by Sex and Cigarette Smoking.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and is a complex heritable trait with both genetic and environmental risk factors, including sex and smoking. We performed genome-wide association (GWA) analyses for CAC among all participants and stratified by sex in the COPDGene study ( = 6144 participants of European ancestry and = 2589 participants of African ancestry) with replication in the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS). We adjusted for age, sex, current smoking status, BMI, diabetes, self-reported high blood pressure, self-reported high cholesterol, and genetic ancestry (as summarized by principal components computed within each racial group).

Attitudes, knowledge, and risk perceptions of patients who received elective genomic testing as a clinical service.

Purpose: Elective genomic testing (EGT) is increasingly available clinically. Limited real-world evidence exists about attitudes and knowledge of EGT recipients.

Methods: After web-based education, patients who enrolled in an EGT program at a rural nonprofit health care system completed a survey that assessed attitudes, knowledge, and risk perceptions.

Rare/Common Variants Are Associated with Inhaled Corticosteroid Response among Children with Asthma.

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are efficacious in the treatment of asthma, which affects more than 300 million people in the world. While genome-wide association studies have identified genes involved in differential treatment responses to ICS in asthma, few studies have evaluated the effects of combined rare and common variants on ICS response among children with asthma. Among children with asthma treated with ICS with whole exome sequencing (WES) data in the PrecisionLink Biobank (91 White and 20 Black children), we examined the effect and contribution of rare and common variants with hospitalizations or emergency department visits.

The Association of Race, Ethnicity, and Insurance Status with the Visual Acuity of Retinoblastoma Survivors in the IRIS® Registry.

Purpose: To identify sociodemographic factors associated with the visual outcomes of retinoblastoma survivors.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study using a US-based clinical data registry. All individuals < 18 years of age with a history of retinoblastoma in the Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS®) Registry (1/1/2013-12/31/2020).

Machine Learning Prediction of Treatment Response to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Asthma.

Background: Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the first-line therapy for patients with persistent asthma, many patients continue to have exacerbations. We developed machine learning models to predict the ICS response in patients with asthma.

Methods: The subjects included asthma patients of European ancestry ( = 1371; 448 children; 916 adults).

Smaller Differences in the Comparative Effectiveness of Biologics in Reducing Asthma-Related Hospitalizations Compared With Overall Exacerbations.

Background: Evidence on the comparative effectiveness of respiratory biologics remains sparse.

Objective: We sought to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab in a matched retrospective cohort of patients with asthma.

Methods: We identified patients with asthma aged ≥18 years who were incident users of these biologics between November 1, 2018, and June 30, 2023, in administrative claims data from the Food and Drug Administration's Sentinel System and Merative MarketScan Commercial Database.

Clinical impact of preemptive pharmacogenomic testing on antiplatelet therapy in a real-world setting.

CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy after patients develop acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or require percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) reduces the likelihood of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Evidence about the impact of preemptive testing, where genotyping occurs while patients are healthy, is lacking. In patients initiating antiplatelet therapy for ACS or PCI, we compared medical records data from 67 patients who received CYP2C19 genotyping preemptively (results >7 days before need), against medical records data from 67 propensity score-matched patients who received early genotyping (results within 7 days of need).

Asthma exacerbations and eosinophilia in the UK Biobank: a genome-wide association study.

Background: Asthma exacerbations reflect disease severity, affect morbidity and mortality, and may lead to declining lung function. Inflammatory endotypes ( T2-high (eosinophilic)) may play a key role in asthma exacerbations. We aimed to assess whether genetic susceptibility underlies asthma exacerbation risk and additionally tested for an interaction between genetic variants and eosinophilia on exacerbation risk.

Association between antenatal corticosteroid treatment and severe adverse events in pregnant women.

Background: Antenatal corticosteroids are considered the standard of care for pregnant women at risk for preterm birth, but studies examining their potential risks are scarce. We aimed to estimate the associations of antenatal corticosteroids with three severe adverse events: sepsis, heart failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding, in pregnant women.

Methods: Of 2,157,321 pregnant women, 52,119 at 24 weeks 0/7 days to 36 weeks 6/7 days of gestation were included in this self-controlled case series study during the study period of 2009-2018.

Housing Insecurity and Asthma Outcomes.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with widespread prevalence that affects children, adolescents, and adults. Asthma morbidity and mortality can be exacerbated in the setting of housing insecurity. In this Grand Rounds Review article, we present a case and discuss the implications that housing insecurity has on asthma outcomes in the United States.

Vision Testing for Adolescents in the US.

Importance: Untreated refractive error contributes to the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in visual function of adolescent children in the US.

Objective: To describe patterns in vision testing as a function of age among US adolescents and identify sociodemographic factors associated with vision testing.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the National Survey of Children's Health (2018-2019), a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized US pediatric population.

Prevalence and prescribing patterns of oral corticosteroids in the United States, Taiwan, and Denmark, 2009-2018.

Oral corticosteroids (OCS) are commonly prescribed for acute, self-limited conditions, despite studies demonstrating toxicity. Studies evaluating longitudinal OCS prescribing in the general population are scarce and do not compare use across countries. This study investigated and compared OCS prescription patterns from 2009 to 2018 in the general populations of the United States, Taiwan, and Denmark.