A central role of stimulator of interferon genes' adaptor protein in defensive immune response.

Cytotoxic DNAs, methylation, histones and histones binding proteins are speculated to induce DNA sensors. Under stressed condition, the antigenic patterns, PAMPs and DAMPs, trigger the hyperactive innate response through DNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, oligonucleotides, histones and mtDNA to initiate cGAMP-STING-IFN I cascade. HSV -1&2, HIV, Varicella- Zoster virus, Polyomavirus, Cytomegalovirus, and KSHV negatively regulate the STING-MAVS-TBK-1/1KKE pathway.

Nutraceuticals and pharmacological to balance the transitional microbiome to extend immunity during COVID-19 and other viral infections.

Scope: The underlying medical conditions and gut dysbiosis is known to influence COVID-19 severity in high-risk patients. The current review proposed the optimal usage of nutraceuticals & pharmacological interventions can help regulate the protective immune response and balance the regulatory functionality of gut microbiota. Many studies have revealed that the probiotic interventions viz.

Innate immune regulations and various siRNA modalities.

RNAi therapeutics are designed to produce the precise silencing effects against the gene-linked diseases which were known to be untreatable in the past. The highly immunostimulatory nature of siRNA enhances the off-target effects and easily get attacked by nucleases; hence, their modulation is essentially required for accurate alterations to be made in the structures to intensify the pharmacological attributes. The phosphonate modifications act as shield against undue phosphorylation effects, and the molecular changes in ribose sugar lowers the level of immunogenicity and increases the binding efficacy.

Association of Gut Microbiota with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19 Severity: A Possible Outcome of the Altered Immune Response.

Inflammatory bowel disease could be induced by SARS-CoV-2, involved in alteration of gut microbiota during the respiratory viral infection. Presence of viral RNA in fecal samples for longer period, even after the clearance of the virus from respiratory tract, is suggestive of dysbiosis leading to the poor prognosis of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Gut microbiome (GM) plays a significant role to stimulate the modulated antiviral immune response against invading pathogens regulating the physiological homeostasis.