Creating a retinal image database to develop an automated screening tool for diabetic retinopathy in India.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes, is the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. Given the critical nature of the disease, it is paramount that individuals with diabetes undergo annual screening for early and timely detection of DR, facilitating prompt ophthalmic assessment and intervention. However, screening for DR, which involves assessing visual acuity and retinal examination through ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography, presents a significant global challenge due to the massive volume of individuals requiring annual reviews.

Cardiovascular disease risk prediction and profiling among Asian Indians with young-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Aims: This study aims to describe the profile of Asian Indians with young-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) who have 'low cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk' and 'high CVD risk' based on QRESEARCH risk estimator version 3(QRISK3) and Framingham Risk Score (FRS). It also aims to assess the predictive ability of these risk calculators to estimate CVD risk in this population.

Methods: Retrospective data of 18,837 individuals with T1D or T2D with an age of onset of between 10 to 30 years were retrieved from Diabetes Electronic Medical Records.

The Adaptation, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation of Intake24, a Digital 24-h Dietary Recall Tool for South Asian Populations: The South Asia Biobank.

Background: South Asia's diverse food supply, food preparations, and eating behaviors require dietary instruments that reflect the consumption patterns of South Asians to enable context specific dietary assessment. Such instruments are not readily available for detailed dietary assessment at scale in South Asia.

Objectives: We describe the adaptation, implementation, and performance evaluation of Intake24, an open-source digital 24-h dietary recall tool, for dietary assessment in South Asia.

Comparison of the Effect of Teleconsultations, Hybrid Visits, and In-Person Visits on Glycemic and Metabolic Parameters Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes in India.

Aim: We compared biochemical and clinical data of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who opted for only teleconsultation (ie, no in-person visit at all), hybrid visits (combining home blood tests and in-person consultation), and fully in-person visits (both tests and consultation in person) at a tertiary care diabetes center.

Methods: In this observational cohort study, we retrieved demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data of 8197 individuals with T2D who sought diabetes care between 2021 and 2023 (384 participants with only teleconsultations, 721 with hybrid visits, and 7092 with fully in-person visits) from the electronic medical records of a chain of tertiary diabetes care centers across India.

Results: Individuals who opted for teleconsultation had a shorter duration of diabetes compared with those who opted for hybrid or fully in-person visits.

Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Advances, and Clinical Utility.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) continues to pose a significant challenge to maternal and fetal health, driving the need for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Biomarker discovery has proven essential for early detection, mechanistic insights, and targeted interventions. This review provides an in-depth examination of biomarkers related to GDM, focusing on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory signaling, adipokines, oxidative stress markers, and genetic/epigenetic determinants.

A tumor microenvironment-responsive multifunctional MoS-Ru nanocatalyst with photothermally enhanced chemodynamic activity.

Targeting the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a highly promising strategy for cancer therapy. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which leverages the TME's intrinsic properties to convert HO into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), has attracted significant attention. However, the effectiveness of CDT is often limited by the catalytic efficiency of the materials used.

Effectiveness of Mobile Health Applications for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in Urban and Rural India: A Pilot, Randomized Controlled Study.

Introduction: mHealth technology has the potential to deliver personalized health care; however, data on cardiometabolic risk factors are limited. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of mobile health applications (apps) on cardiometabolic risk factor reduction in adults aged 25 to 60 years in urban and rural India.

Methods: The study design was a pilot randomized controlled trial conducted in Tamil Nadu, India.

Effect of Premeal Pistachio Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Asian Indian Adults with Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Asian Indians are susceptible to developing type 2 diabetes at a lower age and often consume diets that are high in glycemic load and low in healthy fats.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 30 g prebreakfast and 30 g predinner supplementation of pistachios for 12 wk on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), other glycemic markers, anthropometry, and lipid profile of Asian Indians with prediabetes.

Methods: In a 12-wk parallel arm, randomized controlled trial, we recruited 120 participants with prediabetes based on American Diabetes Association criteria.

ICMR-MDRF Diabetes Biosamples: Cohort profile.

Background & objectives Biobanks are crucial for biomedical research, enabling new treatments and medical advancements. The biobank at the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) aims to gather, process, store, and distribute biospecimens to assist scientific studies. Methods This article details the profile of two cohorts: the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study and the Registry of people with diabetes in India with young age at onset (ICMR-YDR).

Associations of perceived neighbourhood and home environments with sedentary behaviour among adolescents in 14 countries: the IPEN adolescent cross sectional observational study.

Background: Understanding environmental correlates of sedentary behaviour (SB) among young people is important as such data can identify approaches to limit sedentary time. This paper estimates associations of parent-reported neighbourhood and adolescent-reported home environments with SB among adolescents aged 11-19 years from 14 countries.

Methods: In the International Physical activity and the Environment Network (IPEN) Adolescent Study (an observational, cross-sectional multi-country study), adolescents wore a triaxial accelerometer for seven days that assessed sedentary time (ST).

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening and Management: History and Current Advances.

Aim: Regular screening of large number of people with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy (DR) with the support of available human resources alone is a global challenge. Digital health innovation is a boon in screening for DR. Multiple artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning (DL) algorithms have shown promise for accurate diagnosis of referable DR (RDR).

Outcomes of Circumferential Versus Hemi-gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy for Congenital Glaucoma.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of circumferential gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) vs hemi-GATT in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG).

Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Methods: This study included children with PCG having corneal diameters <14 mm and relatively clear cornea.

Effect of low high dietary-advanced glycation end products on insulin-sensitivity and inflammatory- markers among overweight/obese Asian-Indian adults-A randomised controlled trial.

The present study investigated the effect of low high-dietary-Advanced Glycation End products-based diets on oral disposition index-(DIo)-a marker of islet β-cell function and cardiometabolic risks factors in 38-overweight and obese Asian Indian-adults (aged 25-45 years with body-mass-index (BMI) ≥23kg/m) through 12-week isocaloric crossover feeding trial. Biochemical-measures included-glucose tolerance test (GTT), Insulin assay (0,30 and 120 min), lipid-profile, serum-adiponectin, serum-AGE and serum-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-(TBARS) assessed both at baseline and end of each intervention. Generalised linear models showed that low-dAGE diet significantly improved in oral disposition index [Least Square Mean (SE), +0.

A Systematic Review of the Effect of Gene-Lifestyle Interactions on Metabolic-Disease-Related Traits in South Asian Populations.

Context: Recent data from the South Asian subregion have raised concern about the dramatic increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases, which are influenced by genetic and lifestyle factors.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the contemporary evidence for the effect of gene-lifestyle interactions on metabolic outcomes in this population.

Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched up until March 2023 for observational and intervention studies investigating the interaction between genetic variants and lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity on obesity and type 2 diabetes traits.

Prospective Study on Kidney Dysfunction Markers and Risk for Mortality among South Asians.

Introduction: Associations between markers of impaired kidney function and adverse outcomes among South Asians is understudied and could differ from existing data derived mostly from North American or European cohorts.

Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of 9797 participants from the ongoing cardiometabolic risk reduction study in South Asia, India. We examined the associations between baseline spot urine albumin-to-creatinine (UACR) ratio and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) estimating equations with all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for baseline age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, tobacco, history of cardiovascular disease, and cholesterol.

Effect of Replacing Sucrose in Beverages with Nonnutritive Sweetener Sucralose on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Asian Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Country-specific evidence-based research is crucial for understanding the role of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main aim of this study was to explore the effect of replacing sucrose with sucralose in coffee/tea in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: This 12-week, parallel-arm randomized controlled trial included 210 participants with T2D, assigned to the intervention group, where sugar/sucrose in coffee or tea was substituted with sucralose, or the control group, where sugar/sucrose was continued.

Policy implementation and recommended actions to create healthy food environments using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI): a comparative analysis in South Asia.

Background: The increasing prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in South Asia is concerning, with type 2 diabetes projected to rise to 68%, compared to the global increase of 44%. Encouraging healthy diets requires stronger policies for healthier food environments.

Methods: This study reviewed and assessed food environment policies in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka from 2020 to 2022 using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) and compared them with global best practices.

Factors influencing diabetes treatment satisfaction in the INtegrating DEPrEssioN and Diabetes treatmENT randomized clinical trial: A multilevel model analysis.

Aims: Patient satisfaction is associated with positive diabetes outcomes. However, there are no identified studies that evaluate both patient- and clinic-level predictors influencing diabetes care satisfaction longitudinally.

Methods: Data from the INtegrating DEPrEssioN and Diabetes treatmENT trial was used to perform the analysis.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots: a novel biosensing platform for selective norfloxacin detection and bioimaging.

Incomplete metabolism and non-biodegradable nature of norfloxacin (NORx) lead to its persistent residues in the environment and food, potentially fostering the emergence of antibiotic resistance and posing a significant threat to public health. Hence, we developed a norfloxacin sensor employing hydrothermally synthesized N-doped carbon dots (N-Ch-CQDs) from chitosan and PEI demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity towards the antibiotic detection. The quantum yield of excitation-dependent emission of N-Ch-CQDs was effectively tuned from 4.

Early pregnancy HbA as the first screening test for gestational diabetes: results from three prospective cohorts.

Background: More than 90% of gestational diabetes cases are estimated to occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most current guidelines recommend an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 weeks of gestation. The OGTT is burdensome, especially in LMICs, resulting in a high proportion of women not being screened.

Urban-Rural Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes Among Adults in Haryana, India: The ICMR-INDIAB Study (ICMR-INDIAB-18).

Introduction: Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with far-reaching consequences. Environmental factors, such as urban or rural residence, influence its prevalence and associated comorbidities. Haryana-a north Indian state-has undergone rapid urbanisation, and part of it is included in the National Capital Region (NCR).