A meta-analysis on study and sample characteristics modulating mock earwitness performance.

Mock earwitness performance mainly addresses cognitive functions like free recall and recognition of auditory information. Based on primary studies a-priori experimental moderator effects on mock earwitness performance have been hypothesized. Including 46 articles with k = 66 experimental studies, a bare-bones and a random-effects, artefact-corrected meta-analysis have been performed.

Reliability of the P3 component in a 3-stimulus concealed information test with known and unknown stimuli.

The parietal P3 amplitude of the event-related potential (ERP) has been highlighted to signal stimulus salience in concealed information tests (CITs) with known and unknown stimuli. To extend previous validity investigations in deception research, the reliability of the early parietal P3 amplitude in a 3-stimulus CIT including known and unknown stimuli has been investigated in a sample of N = 68 participants. Variations of Cronbach's Alpha and split-half reliability (odd-even, 1st vs.

Construct validity of questionnaires for the original and revised reinforcement sensitivity theory.

This study highlights psychometric properties and evidence of construct validity on parcel-level for questionnaires on the original and revised reinforcement sensitivity theory. Our data ( = 1,076) suggest good to very good psychometric properties and moderate to excellent internal consistencies. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models suggest a very good model fit for the first-order, four factor models of the Carver-White BIS/BAS scales, Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory - Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), the two-factor model of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Questionnaire (rRST-Q) and for the bifactor model of the Conflict Monitoring Questionnaire (CMQ-44).

Psychometric Properties of a German Online Version of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 1.

Suggestibility is a trait dimension that has been differentiated into Yield and Shift dimensions. Yield refers to the susceptibility to suggestive item content in a first question series (Yield 1) and a second question series following negative feedback (Yield 2). Shift describes the tendency to change answers over the two series of questions depending on social pressure.

Concealing Untrustworthiness: The Role of Conflict Monitoring in a Social Deception Task.

Deception studies emphasize the important role of event-related potentials (ERPs) to uncover deceptive behavior based on underlying neuro-cognitive processes. The role of conflict monitoring as indicated by the frontal N2 component during truthful and deceptive responses was investigated in an adapted Concealed Information Test (CIT). Previously memorized pictures of faces should either be indicated as truthfully trustworthy, truthfully untrustworthy or trustworthy while concealing the actual untrustworthiness (untrustworthy-probe).

Reliability of the N2-component in a modified 3-stimulus concealed information test: On the importance of excellent measurement accuracy.

Research on deception focused on the investigation of event-related potentials (ERP) to facilitate our knowledge on cognitive-motivational processes underlying deception. We investigated the reliability of the frontal N2 amplitude in a modified Concealed Information Test (CIT) (N = 64 participants). Variations of Cronbach's Alpha coefficients were examined for number of epochs per stimulus type, task modality and types of ERP quantification.

Does concealing familiarity evoke other processes than concealing untrustworthiness? - Different forms of concealed information modulate P3 effects.

It was investigated whether concealing learned stimulus attributes (i.e., trustworthiness vs.

Individual differences of conflict monitoring and feedback processing during reinforcement learning in a mock forensic context.

This study investigated individual differences of conflict monitoring (N2 component), feedback processing (feedback negativity component), and reinforcement learning in a discrimination learning task using a mock (fictitious) forensic scenario to set participants in a semantic task context. We investigated individual differences of anxiety-related, impulsivity-related traits and reasoning ability during trial-and-error learning of mock suspect and nonsuspect faces. Thereby, we asked how the differential investment of cognitive-motivational processes facilitates learning in a mock forensic context.

A meta-analysis of the P3 amplitude in tasks requiring deception in legal and social contexts.

In deception tasks the parietal P3 amplitude of the event-related potential indicates either recognition of salient stimuli (larger P3 following salient information) or mental effort (smaller P3 following demanding information). This meta-analysis (k = 77) investigated population effect sizes (δ) for conceptual and methodological a-priori moderators (study design, pre-task scenario, context of deception tasks, and P3 quantification). Within-subject designs show evidence of the underlying cognitive processes, between-subject designs allow for comparisons of cognitive processes in culprits vs.

The N2 component in a go-nogo learning task: Motivation, behavioral activation, and reasoning.

Although the association of the N2 component with behavioral inhibition (BIS) has regularly been investigated, its association with other personality characteristics remains widely unknown. We investigated the association of the N2 with the sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS). The aim was not to show that the N2 is linked to trait BAS instead of trait BIS, but that a motivating setting may alter its association with those traits.

Worry-inducing stimuli in an aversive Go/NoGo task enhance reactive control in individuals with lower trait-anxiety.

This study relates predictions on reactive and proactive cognitive control to findings on anxious apprehension/worry and ERN/Ne. We investigated whether worry-inducing stimuli in an aversive performance setting lead to a more pronounced increase of the ERN/Ne in individuals with lower anxious apprehension/worry. We also explored the N2 amplitude in the context of worry-inducing stimuli.

Error-Related Negativity and the Misattribution of State-Anxiety Following Errors: On the Reproducibility of Inzlicht and Al-Khindi ().

In their innovative study, Inzlicht and Al-Khindi (2012) demonstrated that participants who were allowed to misattribute their arousal and negative affect induced by errors to a placebo beverage had a reduced error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) compared to controls not being allowed to misattribute their arousal following errors. These results contribute to the ongoing debate that affect and motivation are interwoven with the cognitive processing of errors. Evidence that the misattribution of negative affect modulates the ERN/Ne is essential for understanding the mechanisms behind ERN/Ne.

The Context Matters: Outcome Probability and Expectation Mismatch Modulate the Feedback Negativity When Self-Evaluation of Response Correctness Is Possible.

Individuals typically evaluate whether their performance and the obtained feedback match. Previous research has shown that feedback negativity (FN) depends on outcome probability and feedback valence. It is, however, less clear to what extent previous effects of outcome probability on FN depend on self-evaluations of response correctness.

Effects of injustice sensitivity and sex on the P3 amplitude during deception.

In deception tasks, personality traits like the sensitivity to injustice (SI) modulate the P3 amplitude, which is an indicator of stimulus salience. Based on findings that demonstrated women to be more injustice sensitive than men, we expected sex to modulate effects of SI in deception tasks. We analyzed the P3 amplitudes of 57 participants in a deception task that comprised probe, target, and irrelevant pictures.

Controlling for experimental effects in event-related potentials by means of principal component rotation.

Background: Misallocation of variance means that experimental effects do not only occur on the original event related potential (ERP) component, which should normally represent the respective experimental effect. Simulation studies have shown that misallocation of variance occurs when principal component analysis with subsequent Varimax-rotation is performed. Previous research has also shown that the amount of misallocation of variance substantially depends on component rotation.

How do working-memory-related demand, reasoning ability and aversive reinforcement modulate conflict monitoring?

Conflict monitoring is a process of stimulus evaluation and a pre-requisite for subsequent recruitment of cognitive control and behavioral adaptations. This study investigated how experimentally manipulated working-memory-related cognitive demand and aversive reinforcement modulate individual differences of conflict monitoring intensity and behavioral adjustments. Individual differences were assessed by means of an anxiety-related trait dimension (trait-BIS) and by means of reasoning abilities-a core determinant of intelligence.

Inter-individual and intra-individual variability of the N2 component: on reliability and signal-to-noise ratio.

The nogo N2 component, an anterior negative peak supposed to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex, has been used as an indicator of conflict monitoring and response conflict in basic and clinical research. Here, we investigate the reliability and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of inter-individual differences of the N2 amplitudes as well as of intra-individual standard deviations of N2 amplitudes. Effects of the number of nogo epochs, type of summary measure (peak vs.

"Have You Ever Seen This Face?" - Individual Differences and Event-Related Potentials during Deception.

Deception studies emphasize on the importance of event-related potentials (ERP) for a reliable differentiation of the underlying neuro-cognitive processes. The stimulus-locked parietal P3 amplitude has been shown to reflect stimulus salience but also attentional control available for stimulus processing. Known stimuli requiring truthful responses (targets) and known stimuli requiring deceptive responses (probes) were hypothesized to be more salient than unknown stimuli.

Modulation of the conflict monitoring intensity: the role of aversive reinforcement, cognitive demand, and trait-BIS.

According to Botvinick's (2007) integrative account, conflict monitoring is aversive because individuals anticipate cognitive demand, whereas the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (rRST) predicts that conflict processing is aversive because individuals anticipate aversive reinforcement of erroneous responses. Because these accounts give different reasons for the aversive aspects of conflict, we manipulated cognitive demand and the aversive reinforcement as a consequence of wrong choices in a go/no-go task. Thereby, we also aimed to investigate whether individual differences in conflict sensitivity (i.

Behavioral approach and reward processing: results on feedback-related negativity and P3 component.

This study examined the FRN, the P3, and individual differences in trait-BAS and trait-BIS in the context of reward expectation mismatch. A more negative FRN was predicted for higher vs. lower trait-BAS individuals and for higher vs.

The PANAS structure revisited: on the validity of a bifactor model in community and forensic samples.

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a widely used inventory for the assessment of affect in psychology and other applied sciences. Despite its popularity, the structure of the PANAS is still under debate. On the one hand, there is evidence of the traditional 2-factor model with Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) as uncorrelated factors.

Reliability generalization: an examination of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule.

The assessment of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) by means of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule has received a remarkable popularity in the social sciences. Using a meta-analytic tool-namely, reliability generalization (RG)-population reliability scores of both scales have been investigated on the basis of a random effects model in 147 studies. Correcting for measurement errors, the results demonstrate moderate to high internal consistency coefficients and variations of the PA and NA reliability scores with regard to time frame instructions, language of items, and sample characteristics.

On the differentiation of N2 components in an appetitive choice task: evidence for the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.

Task- and personality-related modulations of the N2 were probed within the framework of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). Using an appetitive choice task, we investigated 58 students with extreme scores on the behavioral inhibition system and behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) scales. The baseline-to-peak N2 amplitude was sensitive to the strength of decision conflict and demonstrated RST-related personality differences.

A meta-analysis of reinforcement sensitivity theory: on performance parameters in reinforcement tasks.

J. A. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) has produced a wealth of quasi-experimental studies in more than 35 years of research on personality and reinforcement sensitivity.

Is running away right? The behavioral activation-behavioral inhibition model of anterior asymmetry.

The measurement of anterior electroencephalograph (EEG) asymmetries has become an important standard paradigm for the investigation of affective states and traits. Findings in this area are typically interpreted within the motivational direction model, which suggests a lateralization of approach and withdrawal motivational systems to the left and right anterior region, respectively. However, efforts to compare this widely adopted model with an alternative account-which relates the left anterior region to behavioral activation independent of the direction of behavior (approach or withdrawal) and the right anterior region to goal conflict-induced behavioral inhibition-are rare and inconclusive.