Exenatide improves β-cell function up to 3 years of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.

Objective: Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist treatment improves β-cell function. In this study, we investigated whether the improvements are sustained during a 3-year treatment period.

Research Design And Methods: Sixty-nine metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients were randomised to the GLP1 receptor agonist, exenatide (EXE) twice daily (BID) or to insulin glargine (GLAR).

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis complicating infection.

Background: () is a common microbe of the skin and mucosal surfaces rarely considered a true pathogen. However, it has been reported to cause serious infections. Subsequent ongoing low-grade antigenaemia may, in turn, lead to an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with various renal histologies including that of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN).

Effects of exenatide on measures of β-cell function after 3 years in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We previously showed that exenatide (EXE) enhanced insulin secretion after 1 year of treatment, relative to insulin glargine (GLAR), with a similar glucose-lowering action. These effects were not sustained after a 4-week off-drug period. This article reports the results after additional 2 years of exposure.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: detection of elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate with in vivo 3.0-T 31P MR spectroscopy with proton decoupling.

Purpose: To determine if 3.0-T proton-decoupled phosphorus 31 ((31)P) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy can be used to differentiate between stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by resolving the components of phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE) and enabling detection of a greater number of other phosphorus-containing compounds.

Materials And Methods: This study was approved by the ethics committee of Helsinki University Central Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all study subjects.

One-year treatment with exenatide vs. insulin glargine: effects on postprandial glycemia, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of one-year treatment with exenatide or Insulin Glargine, followed by a 5-week off-drug period, on postprandial lipidaemia, glycaemia and measures of oxidative stress.

Methods: Sixty-nine metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes were randomised (using apermuted block randomisation scheme stratified by site and baseline HbA(1c) stratum (< or = 8.5% or >8.

Exenatide affects circulating cardiovascular risk biomarkers independently of changes in body composition.

Objective: To study the effect of exenatide on body composition and circulating cardiovascular risk biomarkers.

Research Design And Methods: Metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 69) were randomized to exenatide or insulin glargine and treated for 1 year. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared with insulin glargine, in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, controlled trial.

Objective: Traditional blood glucose-lowering agents do not sustain adequate glycemic control in most type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical studies with exenatide have suggested sustained improvements in beta-cell function. We investigated the effects of 52 weeks of treatment with exenatide or insulin glargine followed by an off-drug period on hyperglycemic clamp-derived measures of beta-cell function, glycemic control, and body weight.

Insulin regulation of MCP-1 in human adipose tissue of obese and lean women.

CCL2 (MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and CCL3 (MIP-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha) are required for macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. Insulin increases CCL2 expression in adipose tissue and in serum more in insulin-resistant obese than in insulin-sensitive lean mice, but whether this is true in humans is unknown. We compared basal expression and insulin regulation of CCL2 and CCL3 in adipose tissue and MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha in serum between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive human subjects.

Liver fat is increased in type 2 diabetic patients and underestimated by serum alanine aminotransferase compared with equally obese nondiabetic subjects.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether type 2 diabetic patients have more liver fat than age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nondiabetic subjects and whether liver enzymes (serum alanine aminotransferase [S-ALT] and serum aspartate aminotransferase) are similarly related to liver fat in type 2 diabetic patients and normal subjects.

Research Design And Methods: Seventy type 2 diabetic patients and 70 nondiabetic subjects matched for BMI, age, and sex were studied. Liver fat ((1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), body composition (magnetic resonance imaging), and biochemical markers of insulin resistance were measured.