Retrospective analysis of volumes of manually expressed colostrum among healthy postnatal mothers at a tertiary care referral unit in South India. Not enough milk or not enough patience?

Introduction: The volumes of colostrum have been quantified as 5 mL and 25 mL per feed on days 1 and 3, respectively, as per the data described about 20 years ago. However, the use of commercial formula is on the rise and 'not enough milk' is a common complaint by postnatal mothers.

Objectives: To determine the average volume of colostrum in one sitting per day on first three postnatal days among healthy late preterm and term gestational mothers and to compare the same among late preterm, term gestation and modes of delivery.

Thirteen ribs and long gap oesophageal atresia: The embryological hypothesis for exploration.

Context: Since the gap between two atretic segments of oesophagus is a critical determinant of prognosis for oesophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), the search for a surrogate non-invasive pre-operative marker of long gap atresia continues.

Aims: The purpose of the study was to compare the presence of normal and supernumerary ribs with length of EA and survival rates.

Settings And Design: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care referral neonatal intensive care unit in North Karnataka, India, from January 2016 to June 2019.