Epidemiologic correlates of malnutrition among under-three children in the rural community of Northern India.

Context: Worldwide malnutrition is identified as a major health and nutrition problem. Undernutrition contributes to an estimated 45% of child deaths globally. The prevalence of underweight among children in India is among the highest in the world.

Marked reduction in paralytic attacks in a patient with Andersen-Tawil syndrome switched from acetazolamide to dichlorphenamide.

Andersen-Tawil syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder for which the majority of cases are caused by pathogenic variants in the KCNJ2 gene. The syndrome is characterized by the clinical triad of episodic paralysis, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and dysmorphic facial and skeletal features. Treatment of Andersen-Tawil syndrome is primarily focused on management of cardiac arrhythmias and preventive management of paralytic attacks.

Adsorption and oxidation of ciprofloxacin in a fixed bed column using activated sludge derived activated carbon.

In this study, the performance of activated sludge derived granular activated carbon (SGAC) was investigated for ciprofloxacin (CPX) removal from synthetic and simulated wastewaters in a fixed-bed adsorption column operated in continuous mode. The adsorbent was synthesized using chemical activation using ZnCl as activating agent. Its surface area and pore volume were found comparable to that of the commercial granular activated carbon (CGAC).

Charcot-Marie-Tooth: From Molecules to Therapy.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is the most prevalent category of inherited neuropathy. The most common inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant, though there also are X-linked and autosomal recessive subtypes. In addition to a variety of inheritance patterns, there are a myriad of genes associated with CMT, reflecting the heterogeneity of this disorder.

Degradation of ciprofloxacin using Fenton's oxidation: Effect of operating parameters, identification of oxidized by-products and toxicity assessment.

Ciprofloxacin (CPX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is found in the bulk effluents emerged from pharmaceutical industries. Its presence in the effluent may lead to toxicity to the aquatic life and antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the oxidative degradation of CPX by classical Fenton's process was investigated for the present study.

Effects of Urea and TMAO on Lipid Self-Assembly under Osmotic Stress Conditions.

Most land-living organisms regularly experience dehydration. In nature, one commonly applied strategy to protect against this osmotic stress is to introduce small polar molecules with low vapor pressure, commonly called osmolytes. Two examples of naturally occurring small polar compounds are urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which are known to have counteracting effects on protein stability.

Reconstruction and Simulation of Neocortical Microcircuitry.

Unlabelled: We present a first-draft digital reconstruction of the microcircuitry of somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat. The reconstruction uses cellular and synaptic organizing principles to algorithmically reconstruct detailed anatomy and physiology from sparse experimental data. An objective anatomical method defines a neocortical volume of 0.

Utilisation of sewage sludge derived adsorbents for the removal of recalcitrant compounds from wastewater: Mechanistic aspects, isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics.

In the present study, the performance of sewage sludge based adsorbents was examined for the removal of two recalcitrant pollutants (i.e. lignin and amoxicillin) from synthetic wastewater solutions (adsorbate concentration=50-250 mg/l).

Disruption of the histidine triad nucleotide-binding hint2 gene in mice affects glycemic control and mitochondrial function.

Unlabelled: The histidine triad nucleotide-binding (HINT2) protein is a mitochondrial adenosine phosphoramidase expressed in the liver and pancreas. Its physiological function is unknown. To elucidate the role of HINT2 in liver physiology, the mouse Hint2 gene was deleted.

Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system.

Mammals adapt to a rapidly changing world because of the sophisticated cognitive functions that are supported by the neocortex. The neocortex, which forms almost 80% of the human brain, seems to have arisen from repeated duplication of a stereotypical microcircuit template with subtle specializations for different brain regions and species. The quest to unravel the blueprint of this template started more than a century ago and has revealed an immensely intricate design.

Anatomical, physiological and molecular properties of Martinotti cells in the somatosensory cortex of the juvenile rat.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings followed by histochemical staining and single-cell RT-PCR were obtained from 180 Martinotti interneurones located in layers II to VI of the somatosensory cortex of Wistar rats (P13-P16) in order to examine their anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular properties. Martinotti cells (MCs) mostly displayed ovoid-shaped somata, bitufted dendritic morphologies, and axons with characteristic spiny boutons projecting to layer I and spreading horizontally across neighbouring columns more than 1 mm. Electron microscopic examination of MC boutons revealed that all synapses were symmetrical and most synapses (71%) were formed onto dendritic shafts.

Stereotypy in neocortical microcircuits.

A central debate regarding neocortical function concerns the degree to which the underlying microcircuitry is stereotypically organized. Stereotypy reflects invariance in structure and function, as a result of common genetic templates and environmental conditions, whereas uniqueness can be caused by genetic variations, differences in environmental conditions as well as random processes. Stereotypy is an appealing concept because it provides strong support for determinism in the formation of neuronal microcircuits and in the relationship between their specific structure and function.

Anatomical, physiological, molecular and circuit properties of nest basket cells in the developing somatosensory cortex.

Anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of basket cell-like interneurons in layers II-IV of rat somatosensory cortex were studied using patch-clamp electrodes filled with biocytin. This multiparametric study shows that neocortical basket cells (BCs) are composed of three distinct subclasses: classical large (LBC) and small (SBC) basket cells and a third subclass, the nest basket cell (NBC). Anatomically, NBCs were distinct from LBCs and SBCs in that they formed simpler dendritic arbors and an axonal plexus of inter-mediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches.