Immunomodulatory Effects of Jacalin, a Dietary Plant Lectin on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs).

The tumor microenvironment that refers to the tumor's surroundings is a key modulator of tumor growth and invasion. The tumor-derived signals are known to downregulate the anti-tumor effects of the effector cells present in the TME. Thus, the cross-talk between the tumor cells with the surrounding immune cells helps in evading the tumor surveillance as well as aiding in tumor growth and proliferation.

Differential expression of Helios, Neuropilin-1 and FoxP3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.

In recent years, studies have begun to explore the immune involvement in head and neck tumors. Advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis with low survival rates with high level of immune infiltrates. Tregs (regulatory T cells) play a crucial role in constructing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.