Body Composition Analysis Techniques and Its Application in Oncology: A Review.

The oncology community has shown growing interest to understand how body composition measures can be utilized to improve cancer treatment and survivorship care for about 20 million individuals diagnosed with cancer annually. Recent observational studies demonstrate that muscle and adipose tissue distribution are risk factors for clinical outcomes such as postoperative complications, and worse overall survival. There is an emergent recognition that body mass index (BMI) is neither adequate to identify patients with adverse health outcomes due to poor muscle health or excess adiposity, nor does BMI accurately classify the distribution of adiposity.

Physical properties of cellulose nanocrystal/magnesium oxide/chitosan transparent composite films for packaging applications.

Hitherto unreported hybrid nanofillers (CNC:MgO) reinforced chitosan (CTS) based composite (CNC:MgO)/CTS films were synthesized using a solution-casting blend technique and synergistic effect of hybrid nanofiller in terms of properties enhancement were investigated. Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterize the films. The hybrid nanofiller considerably changed the transparency and color of the CTS films.

Acyclic monoterpenoid-rich essential oil of Cymbopogon distans mitigates skin inflammation: a chemico-pharmacological study.

The topical application of essential oils is considered an effective treatment for skin diseases. Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Wats (Poaceae) is a promising aromatic grass widespread in the Himalayan temperate zone.

Taxoids-rich extract from Taxus wallichiana alleviates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice through inhibition of low-grade inflammation.

The needle powder of Taxus wallichiana is in use for the management of diabetes and inflammation-related complications in the Indian and Chinese Systems of Traditional Medicine but the lack of proper pharmacological intervention has prompted us to investigate the pharmacological mechanism against inflammation-induced insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Hexane (Tw-H), chloroform (Tw-C), and ethyl acetate (Tw-EA) extracts were prepared from a needle of T. wallichiana and its effect on glucose uptake against TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells was studied.

p-Menthadienols-rich essential oil from Cymbopogon martini ameliorates skin inflammation.

Cymbopogon martini variety sofia, commonly known as ginger-grass, is an important aromatic crop used by the perfumery, medicinal and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study explores the chemical and possible pharmacological profile of hydro-distilled essential oil of C. martini variety sofia against skin inflammation.

Rutin ameliorates malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory mechanism: an in vitro and in vivo study.

Rutin (3, 3', 4' 5 and 7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is a flavonoid glycoside, found in many edible plants such as buckwheat and berries. Severe malaria is an inflammatory response triggered by oxidative stress that results in multi-organ pathologies and a high mortality rate in children and pregnant women worldwide. Rutin is recommended as a food supplement for the treatment of various diseases due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, which prompted us to investigate its ameliorative effects in severe malaria pathogenesis against oxidative stress and inflammatory response using in vitro and in vivo bioassays.

Ameliorative Effects of Dietary Ellagic Acid Against Severe Malaria Pathogenesis by Reducing Cytokine Storms and Oxidative Stress.

Ellagic acid (EA), a fruit- and vegetable-derived flavonoid, has been reported for multiple pharmacological activities, which encouraged us to examine its useful effect in severe malaria pathogenesis, especially malaria-induced cytokine storms and oxidative stress linked to damage in major organs. Malaria was induced by injecting -infected RBCs intraperitoneally into the mice. EA was given orally (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) following Peter's 4-day suppression test.

Insights from a Pan India Sero-Epidemiological survey (Phenome-India Cohort) for SARS-CoV2.

To understand the spread of SARS-CoV2, in August and September 2020, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) conducted a serosurvey across its constituent laboratories and centers across India. Of 10,427 volunteers, 1058 (10.14%) tested positive for SARS-CoV2 anti-nucleocapsid (anti-NC) antibodies, 95% of which had surrogate neutralization activity.

Interfraction physical dose variations in high-dose-rate brachytherapy for carcinoma cervix based on computed tomography image dataset to find the compatibility of the first fraction plan to treat successive fractions.

Context: Due to limited resources and/or affordability by majority of the patients, many centers in low- and middle-income countries are still not able to adapt three-dimensional image-based brachytherapy planning in their routine practice.

Aim: The aim of the study was to see the feasibility of using computed tomography (CT)-based plan of the first fraction to treat successive fractions of intracavitary brachytherapy based on the estimation of the physical dosimetric differences between successive applications.

Materials And Methods: CT image-based brachytherapy plans of 38 patients who received three insertions of intracavitary application with high-dose-rate brachytherapy have been analyzed.

Synthesis of eugenol derivatives and its anti-inflammatory activity against skin inflammation.

Eugenol is a phytochemical present in aromatic plants has generated considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industries mainly in cosmetics. A series of eugenol esters (ST1-ST7) and chloro eugenol () have been synthesized. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by H and C NMR and mass spectrometry.

Rutin restricts hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations by up-regulating the redox-system: An in vitro, in vivo and in silico study.

Rutin, a polyphenolic plant flavonoid, is found in citrus fruits, mulberry, cranberries and buckwheat with reported anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity. We appraise the effect of rutin on hydrogen peroxide (HO) mediated deregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, non-enzymatic biomarkers, reactive oxygen species production (in vitro and in vivo) and on echinocyte formation (ex-vivo). In addition to it the interaction studies (in silico) against targeted enzymes and membrane proteins were also performed.

Rosa damascena restrains Plasmodium falciparum progression in vitro and impedes malaria pathogenesis in murine model.

Malaria the parasitic disease of tropical countries is seeking newer therapeutic strategies owing to the drug resistance to existing drugs. The pathogenesis after infection renders the host to oxidative stress resulting in an altered immune status. Natural products rich in phenols are a source of bio-actives that could have a role in alleviating such condition.

Plumbagin, a vitamin K3 analogue ameliorate malaria pathogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Plumbagin, a vitamin K3 analogue is the major active constituent in several plants including root of Plumbago indica Linn. This compound has been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. The present investigation was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of plumbagin (PL) against severe malaria pathogenesis due to involvement of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in Plasmodium berghei infected malaria in mice.

Essential oil from waste leaves of Curcuma longa L. alleviates skin inflammation.

Background: Curcuma longa L. is an important industrial crop used by medicinal and cosmetic industries in the world. Its leaves are a waste material after harvesting rhizomes.

Plasmodium-Salmonella Coinfection Induces Intense Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Damage: A Mice Model Study for Therapeutic Strategy.

Impairment of host immune response in malaria favors bacteremia caused by typhoidal or nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica. Ofloxacin and Artesunate are the drugs that are clinically proven for treating typhoid and malaria, respectively. The study evaluates the host responses upon treatment with antibiotic (Ofloxacin) and antimalarial (Artesunate) in a standardized mice model harboring coinfection.

The essential oil from Citrus limetta Risso peels alleviates skin inflammation: In-vitro and in-vivo study.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Citrus fruit peels are traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of skin disorders but it lacks proper pharmacological intervention. Citrus limetta Risso (Rutaceae) is an important commercial fruit crops used by juice processing industries in all continents. Ethnopharmacological validation of an essential oil isolated from its peels may play a key role in converting the fruit waste materials into therapeutic value added products.

Potential for adaptive dose escalation in radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in a low mid income setting.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of tumour volume regression on adaptive treatment planning, reduction in doses to organs at risk (OARs) and dose escalation.

Methods: 20 patients undergoing radical chemoradiotherapy were imaged in the fifth week of radiotherapy (CT_45) to evaluate differences in tumour volume regression between concurrent and sequential chemoradiotherapy. Replanning was carried out in the CT_45 in those with >20% regression (n = 10) and evaluated for change in target coverage indices (the coverage index and external volume index) and doses to the OAR [mean lung dose, V and V of whole and ipsilateral lung (MLD, V, V, MLD, V, V); mean oesophagus dose, V; and maximum spinal cord doses].

Evaluation of single-photon emission computed tomography images obtained with and without copper filter by segmentation.

Background: Measurement of accurate attenuation of photon flux in tissue is important to obtain reconstructed images using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Computed tomography (CT) scanner provides attenuation correction data for SPECT as well as anatomic information for diagnostic purposes. Segmentation is a process of dividing an image into regions having similar properties such as gray level, color, texture, brightness, and contrast.

Benefits of adopting good radiation practices in reducing the whole body radiation dose to the nuclear medicine personnel during (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging.

Introduction: Positron emission tomography has been established as an important imaging modality in the management of patients, especially in oncology. The higher gamma radiation energy of positron-emitting isotopes poses an additional radiation safety problem. Those working with this modality may likely to receive higher whole body doses than those working only in conventional nuclear medicine.

Indenes and tetralenes analogues attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation: An in-vitro and in-vivo study.

In an effort to evaluate novel pharmacological activity of 1-chloro-2-formyl indene and tetralene analogues possessing potential antitubercular and antistaphylococcal agents, we explored its anti-inflammatory potential against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassay. Synthesized analogues significantly inhibited the production and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines against LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages isolated from mice. Among all the analogues, TAF-5 (1-Chloro-2-formyl-1-tetralene) exhibited most potent anti-inflammatory activity without any cytotoxic effect.

Diarylheptanoids from Alnus nepalensis attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages and endotoxic shock in mice.

Diarylheptanoids, a group of plant secondary metabolites are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutic agents. The aim of study was to ascertain the anti-inflammatory profile of diarylheptanoids from Alnus nepalensis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages and endotoxic shock in mice. Extracts prepared from dried leaves of A.

Pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of Ocimum sanctum root extracts for its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Background: Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increases risk of having a range of gastrointestinal problems. Therefore, new anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic drugs having lesser side effects are being searched all overthe world as alternatives to NSAIDs.

Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic profile of Ocimum sanctum root extracts.

Flavonoids rich fraction of Citrus limetta fruit peels reduces proinflammatory cytokine production and attenuates malaria pathogenesis.

Exploration of possible pharmacological effects along with characterisation of the bioactive compounds present in peels may have a key role in converting the fruit waste materials into therapeutic value added products. Extracts prepared from the Citrus limetta fruit peels were studied for antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activity using in-vitro bioassays. Among all, ClEt an ethanol extract of Citrus limetta fruit peels has shown promising anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

α-(-)-bisabolol reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and ameliorates skin inflammation.

α-(-)-bisabolol is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene present in the essential oil has generated considerable interest in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and currently in use in various formulations, mainly in cosmetics. This study was undertaken to evaluate its therapeutic profile against skin inflammation using in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico assays. Lipopolysachharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in macrophage cells as well as in TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice was significantly inhibited by α-(-)-bisabolol.

Synthesis of diosgenin analogues as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

We herein report the synthesis of diosgenin analogues from commercially available diosgenin as the starting material. The structures of newly synthesised compounds were confirmed by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry. All analogues were evaluated for in-vitro anti-inflammatory profile against LPS-induced inflammation in primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice by quantification of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) cytokines in cell culture supernatant using the ELISA technique followed by in-vitro cytotoxicity study.