Solving a Mystery with Classical and Dual Photoredox Catalysis: Application of Nickel in the Synthesis of Ergot Alkaloids.

A short synthesis of the ergot alkaloid lysergene and a formal total synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) under the avoidance of palladium and including two nickel-catalyzed steps instead have been developed. A key intermediate of this approach has already been reported by Hendrickson et al. in 2004 (Hendrickson, J.

Mesenteric lymph nodes are not required for an intestinal immunoglobulin A response to oral cholera toxin.

Stimulation of the adaptive immune system in the gut is thought to be mainly initiated in the Peyer's patches as well as in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and results in immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion by plasma cells in the lamina propria. However, the precise role of the mLNs in the development of IgA immune responses is poorly understood. Thus, cholera toxin (CT) was administered to mLN-resected and mLN-bearing animals and the IgA response to CT in the intestine and serum was examined.