Pediatric orbital cellulitis: Case report of an unusual etiology and pathogen.

Orbital cellulitis is an uncommon condition with risks to sight and life. As a complication of maxillofacial injuries, the literature suggests this is only possible with fractures or direct inoculation, and there are no reports to the contrary. Here, we make the first report of a possible etiology by which orbital cellulitis developed in a 14-year-old boy even without skin breach or bony fractures; as well as a rare causative pathogen.

A Ten-Year Review of Audiological Performance in Children with Inner Ear Abnormalities after Cochlear Implantation in Singapore.

Objectives: To evaluate children with inner ear malformations following cochlear implantation (CI) in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Singapore to identify factors influencing outcomes after CI.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of children aged 0 to 18 years, who had CI between 2000 and 2013. Demographic information, data on risk factors, type of inner ear malformation (IEM), age at implantation, speech pre- and postimplantation, and duration of follow-up were collected from clinical records.

Increased hepatitis C virus co-infection and injection drug use in HIV-infected fishermen in Myanmar.

Background: In Southeast Asia, though fishermen are known to be a key population at high risk of HIV, little is known about their co-infection rates with Hepatitis C virus (HCV), or how illness and risk behaviors vary by occupation or type of fishermen. In Myanmar, this lack of knowledge is particularly acute, despite the fact that much of the country's border is coastline.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis to assess clinical, demographic, and risk characteristics of HIV-infected, ≥15-year-old males under HIV care from 2004 to 2014.

IPT during HIV treatment in Myanmar: high rates of coverage, completion and drug adherence.

A southern Myanmar district providing isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in one of the last countries to formally recommend it as part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care. To assess coverage and adherence and the feasibility of IPT scale-up in a routine care setting in Myanmar. A retrospective analysis of people living with HIV (PLHIV) screened for tuberculosis (TB) and enrolled in IPT over a 3-year period (July 2011-June 2014) using clinical databases.

Human Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets Possess Tissue-Type Based Heterogeneity in Phenotype and Frequency.

Animal models have highlighted the importance of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in multiple immune responses. However, technical limitations have hampered adequate characterization of ILCs in humans. Here, we used mass cytometry including a broad range of surface markers and transcription factors to accurately identify and profile ILCs across healthy and inflamed tissue types.

A High-Dimensional Atlas of Human T Cell Diversity Reveals Tissue-Specific Trafficking and Cytokine Signatures.

Depending on the tissue microenvironment, T cells can differentiate into highly diverse subsets expressing unique trafficking receptors and cytokines. Studies of human lymphocytes have primarily focused on a limited number of parameters in blood, representing an incomplete view of the human immune system. Here, we have utilized mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze T cell trafficking and functional markers across eight different human tissues, including blood, lymphoid, and non-lymphoid tissues.

Double trouble: tuberculosis and substance abuse in Nagaland, India.

The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in people who use and/or inject illicit drugs (PWUIDs) remains a barrier to achieving universal coverage for TB in India and globally. This report describes treatment outcomes in PWUIDs who received treatment for drug-susceptible TB at the Mon District Hospital in Nagaland, India, during 2012-2013. The median age of the patients was 39 years, and most (92%) were male.

Mapping the Diversity of Follicular Helper T Cells in Human Blood and Tonsils Using High-Dimensional Mass Cytometry Analysis.

Single-cell analysis technologies such as mass cytometry allow for measurements of cellular heterogeneity with unprecedented dimensionality. Here, we applied dimensionality reduction and automated clustering methods on human T helper (T(H)) cells derived from peripheral blood and tonsils, which showed differential cell composition and extensive T(H) cell heterogeneity. Notably, this analysis revealed numerous subtypes of follicular helper T (T(FH)) cells that followed a continuum spanning both blood and tonsils.

Self-administered tuberculosis treatment outcomes in a tribal population on the indo-myanmar border, Nagaland, India.

Background: Multiple strategies are being adopted by national tuberculosis (TB) programmes to achieve universal coverage of tuberculosis treatment. However, populations living in 'hard-to-reach' areas of north-east India have poor access to health services. Our study aimed to detail treatment outcomes in TB program supported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and using an alternative model of TB treatment delivery in Mon district, Nagaland, India.

Preauricular sinuses in the pediatric population: techniques and recurrence rates.

Aim: To review the outcomes of two surgical techniques in the management of preauricular sinus in the pediatric population.

Methods: The clinical records of pediatric patients who underwent surgical excision of preauricular sinus in the Department of Otolaryngology of KK Children's and Women's Hospital between January 1997 and March 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups, based on the method used for sinus tract visualization or delineation: (1) Microscope group and (2) methylene blue dye and probe group.