MicroRNA-Mediated Suppression of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Is Modulated by a Schizophrenia-Associated Non-Coding Polymorphism.

Plasma levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a pivotal regulator of differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons, are reportedly decreased in schizophrenia. To explore the involvement of GDNF in the pathogenesis of the disease, a case-control association analysis was performed between five non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the GDNF gene and schizophrenia. Of them, the 'G' allele of the rs11111 SNP located in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the gene was found to associate with schizophrenia.

The domain-variant indirect association between electrophysiological response to reward and ADHD presentations is moderated by dopaminergic polymorphisms.

Background: Understanding the etiopathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may necessitate decomposition of the heterogeneous clinical phenotype into more homogeneous intermediate phenotypes. Reinforcement sensitivity is a promising candidate, but the exact nature of the ADHD-reward relation - including how, for whom, and to which ADHD dimensions atypicalities in reward processing are relevant - is equivocal.

Methods: Aims were to examine, in a carefully phenotyped sample of adolescents (N = 305; M = 15.

Differential Genetic Effect of the Norepinephrine Transporter Promoter Polymorphisms on Attention Problems in Clinical and Non-clinical Samples.

Among the monoaminergic modulatory neurotransmitters, norepinephrine is involved in task orienting, hence noradrenergic genetic variants have been studied in connection to attentional processes. The role of this catecholamine system is also highlighted by the selective norepinephrine transporter blocking atomoxetine, which has proved to be effective in the pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the present genetic association study three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs28386840, rs2242446, rs3785143 SNPs) were analyzed from the 5' region of the norepinephrine transporter (, ) gene, which have been linked to ADHD previously.

The involvement of the canonical Wnt-signaling receptor LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants with ADHD and sexual dimorphism: Association study and meta-analysis.

Wnt-signaling is one of the most abundant pathways involved in processes such as cell-proliferation, -polarity, and -differentiation. Altered Wnt-signaling has been linked with several neurodevelopmental disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as with cognitive functions, learning and memory. Particularly, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6 coreceptors, responsible in the activation of the canonical Wnt-pathway, were associated with cognitive alterations in psychiatric disorders.

Association analysis of norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms and methylphenidate response in ADHD patients.

Aims: Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most frequently prescribed drug in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Hitherto mostly the dopamine transporter gene has been studied in MPH-response and only a few studies analyzed the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) gene, although MPH is a potent inhibitor of both dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. We aimed to analyze this monoamine transporter gene in relation to ADHD per se and MPH-response in particular to gain further knowledge in ADHD pharmacogenetics using a Caucasian sample.

Potential salivary biomarkers and their genetic effects in a pilot study of adolescent boys with externalizing problems.

Aims: Beside the well-known stress response marker cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase is receiving increasing attention. Numerous studies have investigated the potential biomarker properties of cortisol mirroring abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in connection to both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. The other major physiological system involved in stress reactivity, the sympathetic nervous system activity can be also measured by the surrogate marker of salivary alpha-amylase.

Carboxylesterase 1 gene polymorphism and methylphenidate response in ADHD.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most frequently prescribed drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several pharmacogenetic studies suggested that catecholamine candidate genes influence individual MPH-responses, but these results are mostly contradictory. Genetic analyses of MPH metabolizing carboxylesterase 1 enzyme (CES1) have not been carried out, whereas, meta-analysis of CYP2D6 genetic variants has been already indicated significant pharmacogenetic differences in atomoxetine treatment.

[Formulation of a capsule preparation with high active ingredient content using re-crystallized drug compound].

Richter Gedeon Company aimed to manufacture and launch a generic product, that's original is already on market in Hungary. The goal of a generic development is to produce an essentially similar product to the original one. It seems to be simple and routine work, but during the formulation a couple of problems have to be solved.

[The generic Research and Development possibilities after Hungary accessed th European Patent Convention].

January 1, 2003 Hungary became a member of the Munich Convention on the Grant of European Patents (European Patent Convention, EPC). As from January 1, 2003 European patents may be claimed and obtained also for Hungary and European applications may be filed with the Hungarian Patent Office as well. This paper focuses on the exceptional generic R&D possibilities which can harmonize in harmony with all the claims of the Union in spite of the fact that it does not follow general European limitations and practises.