Tumour Immunotherapy and Applications of Immunological Products: A Review of Literature.

Malignant tumors, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, are a leading global health challenge, responsible for over 9.7 million deaths in 2022, with new cases expected to rise to 35 million annually by 2050. Immunotherapy is preferred to other cancer therapies, offering precise targeting of malignant cells while simultaneously strengthening the immune system's complex responses.

Identifying immunodominant multi-epitopes from the envelope glycoprotein of the Lassa mammarenavirus as vaccine candidate for Lassa fever.

Purpose: Lassa fever is a zoonotic acute viral hemorrhagic disease caused by Lassa virus (LASV). There is currently no licensed vaccine for the prevention of the disease. This study is aimed at discovering immunodominant epitopes from the envelope glycoprotein of the Lassa mammarenavirus and designing of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate (VC).

Classic and Current Opinions in Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation.

Graft tolerance is a pathophysiological condition heavily reliant on the dynamic interaction of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Genetic polymorphism determines immune responses to tissue/organ transplantation, and intricate humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms control these responses. In transplantation, the clinician's goal is to achieve a delicate equilibrium between the allogeneic immune response, undesired effects of the immunosuppressive drugs, and the existing morbidities that are potentially life-threatening.

RHAMNETIN IS A BETTER INHIBITOR OF SARS-COV-2 2'-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE THAN DOLUTEGRAVIR: A COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION.

Background: The 2'-O-methyltransferase is responsible for the capping of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and consequently the evasion of the host's immune system. This study aims at identifying prospective natural inhibitors of the active site of SARS-CoV-2 2'O-methyltransferase (2'-OMT) through an in silico approach.

Materials And Methods: The target was docked against a library of natural compounds obtained from edible African plants using PyRx - virtual screening software.

Targeting Specific Checkpoints in the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Cytokine Storm.

COVID-19-infected patients require an intact immune system to suppress viral replication and prevent complications. However, the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection that led to death were linked to the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines known as cytokine storm syndrome. This article reported the various checkpoints targeted to manage the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm.

The Burden of Likely Rubella Infection among Healthy Pregnant Women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

The first 140 days of pregnancy are critical as regards rubella virus infection because of the likelihood of a poor pregnancy outcome. This study was undertaken to investigate the likelihood of exposure to poor pregnancy outcomes due to seroprevalence of rubella among selected pregnant women attending Mile Four Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The seroprevalence of rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was investigated among pregnant women.

Evaluating antimicrobial prescribing in a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Nigeria.

Background: Regular evaluation of antimicrobials prescriptions is important for optimal use.

Objective: This study determined the prescription patterns, class and costs of antimicrobials in the adult out-patient pharmacy of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.

Methods: A 1-year retrospective study from 1st January to 31st December 2018.

Biosurfactant Production Using Mutant Strains of and from Agro-industrial Wastes.

Biosurfactants are applied in drug formulations to improve drug solubility and in some cases, treat diseases. This study is focused on generating, extracting, purifying and then characterizing biosurfactants from bacterial isolates of palm oil wastes and abattoir soil origins. Eight bacteria were isolated from the soil and sludge samples, out of which four (50%) were found to produce biosurfactants.

Emergency medicine: magnesium sulphate injections and their pharmaceutical quality concerns.

Objectives: World Health Organization has recognized magnesium sulphate as the drug of choice for prevention and treatment of fits associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia which are amongst the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. In this study, the pharmaceutical quality of magnesium sulphate injections marketed in Anambra state was assessed.

Methods: Ninety samples of magnesium sulphate obtained from the 3 senatorial zones in Anambra state were subjected to identification tests, microbiological analysis consisting of Growth promotion test, sterility and endotoxin test.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins and the Current Global Pandemic of COVID-19: Evidence-Based Efficacy from Literature Review.

The outbreak of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), later named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), was initiated at Wuhan, Hubei, China, and there was a rapid spread of novel SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19 in late 2019. The entire world is now experiencing the challenge of COVID-19 infection. However, still very few evidence-based treatment options are available for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease.

Attenuating the Effects of Novel COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection-Induced Cytokine Storm and the Implications.

The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes an arduous global health challenge, and the increasing number of fatalities calls for the speedy pursuit of a remedy. This review emphasizes the changing aspects of the COVID-19 disease, featuring the cytokine storm's pathological processes. Furthermore, we briefly reviewed potential therapeutic agents that may modulate and alleviate cytokine storms.

Public Knowledge and Opinion on Childhood Routine Immunizations in Two Major Cities of Anambra State, Nigeria.

Background: Immunization programs suffer recurrent setbacks in developing countries.

Purpose: We evaluated the knowledge and opinion of parents towards childhood immunization.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2400 parents/guardians in two major Anambra cities.

Secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi from Newbouldia laevis and Cassia tora leaves: prospecting for new antimicrobial agents.

Aim: This study tries to prospect for new antimicrobial agents using some Nigerian plants Background: Antimicrobial compounds from fungi endophytes have shown great promise in mitigating the threats of resistant pathogens.

Objective: The study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial property of secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from Newbouldia laevis and Cassia tora leaves.

Methods: Ten endophytic fungi were isolated from the two plants' leaves and later fermented on local rice for 21 days.

The Pharmacobiochemical Effects of Ethanol Extract of Vahl Leaves in Rattus Norvegicus.

Purpose: This study evaluated the biochemical effects of ethanol leaves extract on Wistar rats and also shed light on its constituents and phytonutrients.

Methods: The ethanolic extract of leaves was prepared using conventional methods. Then, proximate and phytochemical analyses of the extracts were carried out using several methods previously reported in the literatures.

The pandemic COVID-19: a tale of viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction.

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a tester of the immune system. While it spares the healthy, it brings severe morbidity and in a few cases, mortality to its victims. This article aims at critically reviewing the key virulence factors of COVID-19 which are the viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction.

The Activating Receptors of Natural Killer Cells and Their Inter-Switching Potentials.

The global incidence of cancer is on the increase and researchers are prospecting for specific and non-selective therapies derived from the immune system. The killer activating receptors of NK cells are known to be involved in immunosurveillance against tumor and virally-infected cells. These receptors belong to two main categories, namely the immunoglobulin like and C-lectin like families.

Evaluation of the phytoconstituents of mushroom and antimicrobial activity of its protein extract.

Introduction: The growing resistance to antibiotics and the complexity of defeating multi-drug resistant bacteria have led to an increase in the search for novel and effective antimicrobials from various plants. This study aimed to determine the bioactive contents of mushroom and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of its protein extract against some selected human bacterial and fungal pathogens which could serve as a lead to the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.

Methods: The constituents of the were evaluated by standard phytochemical analysis methods.

Pharmaceutical Quality of Selected Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Infusions Marketed in South Eastern Nigeria.

Background: Pharmaceutical products need to be of good quality and it is even more critical when it comes to life saving medicaments like infusions.

Objective: This research surveyed the quality fitness of some ciprofloxacin and metronidazole infusion samples marketed in South-eastern of Nigeria.

Methods: Using Official Compendial methods, microbiological quality, active pharmaceutical ingredients quantitation, pH and particle count tests were evaluated on eighty infusion bottles (from eight pharmaceutical companies) of each of the two drugs.

Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview.

The use of vaccines have resulted in a remarkable improvement in global health. It has saved several lives, reduced treatment costs and raised the quality of animal and human lives. Current traditional vaccines came empirically with either vague or completely no knowledge of how they modulate our immune system.

Correction to: Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats.

The original article [1] mistakenly omits mention of grant funding which partially funded the work undertaken in this article. The authors sincerely apologise for this omission and would like to acknowledge this funding source in this correction article as per the below information.

Multi-Antibiotic Resistance and Factors Affecting Carriage of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Population of Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms have become a serious challenge in healthcare delivery globally. The prevalence of ESBL carriage in healthy and sick children in Enugu, Nigeria, was bacteriologically investigated in this study. Four hundred and twenty-two biological samples (mid-stream urine and feces) were bacteriologically analyzed.

Combinations of Alchornea cordifolia, Cassytha filiformis and Pterocarpus santalinoides in diarrhoegenic bacterial infections.

Objectives: This study examines the rationale, if any, behind combining the extracts from the fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides and aerial parts of Cassytha filiformis in the traditional treatment of diarrhoegenic bacterial infections.

Results: Four diarrhoegenic bacterial isolates: Salmonella typhi, Shigellae dysenteriae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used and their antibiotic susceptibility screening showed that they were multi-antibiotic resistant. The extracts exhibited activity against all the test isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 3.

Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Posing a Dilemma in Effective Healthcare Delivery.

The emergence and spread of Carbapenem-resistant (CRE) is seriously posing threats in effective healthcare delivery. The aim of this study was to ascertain the emergence of CRE at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH) Awka. Biological samples were collected from 153 consenting patient from 5 clinics in the hospital.

Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats.

Objective: The objective of this study was to observe the effects of chronic dosing with monosodium glutamate on mortality, fertility, major organ functions and histology in albino Wistar rats.

Results: 6 male and 6 female rats (age 6 weeks) were bred in a cage, feeding on standard growers' mash, with monosodium glutamate added (120 mg/kg/day). 12 corresponding breeding rats (on standard feed without MSG) were controls.

Winning the War against Multi-Drug Resistant Diarrhoeagenic Bacteria.

Drug-resistant-diarrhoeagenic bacteria are currently emerging healthcare challenge. This study investigated the effects of , , tetracycline and metronidazole combinations on such bacteria. Agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the herbal extracts on diarrhoeagenic bacteria while Time-Kill Assay was used to determine bactericidal effects of the extracts against test isolates.