Opportunities and Challenges of Chatbots in Ophthalmology: A Narrative Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly influential in ophthalmology, particularly through advancements in machine learning, deep learning, robotics, neural networks, and natural language processing (NLP). Among these, NLP-based chatbots are the most readily accessible and are driven by AI-based large language models (LLMs). These chatbots have facilitated new research avenues and have gained traction in both clinical and surgical applications in ophthalmology.

Retinal detachments secondary to inferior retinal breaks: anatomic outcomes following the use of different surgical techniques.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone versus PPV with the addition of a scleral buckle in treating inferior rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs).

Methods: Comparative, retrospective cohort study including patients who were diagnosed with primary inferior RRD, defined as RRD with one or more retinal tears located between 4 and 8 hours, and divided into two treatment groups. Group 1 patients were treated with PPV and gas tamponade alone, whereas group 2 patients were treated with PPV, gas tamponade and the addition of an encirclement band.

New high-resolution prototype versus standard spectralis optical coherence tomography in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To assess the accuracy of High-Resolution OCT in detecting biomarkers associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) compared to standard OCT.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving CSC patients who underwent High-Resolution and standard OCT during the same visit. Using the SPECTRALIS High-Res OCT device (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), macular B-scans were obtained and compared with those acquired using a SPECTRALIS HRA + OCT device (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany).

Spontaneous suprachoroidal haemorrhage: clinical features, visual outcomes and prognosis factors.

Background: To describe clinical features, risk factors and outcomes of patients with diagnosis of rare spontaneous suprachoroidal haemorrhage (SSCH) over a 20-year period from a tertiary eye unit.

Methods: Retrospective, observational case-series of patients with SSCH, defined as SCH without a known cause at diagnosis. Variables analysed included age, gender, ethnicity, systemic and ocular comorbidities, systemic medication, initial and final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), clinical features, management and follow-up.

Prospective validation of a virtual post-operative clinic in vitreoretinal surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of asynchronous virtual post-operative assessments following vitreoretinal surgery and procedures compared to traditional face-to-face assessments in a high-volume tertiary eye centre.

Methods: Prospective comparative clinical series study of patients who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery or post-laser retinopexy. Patients received both virtual and face-to-face assessments.

Assessing large language models' accuracy in providing patient support for choroidal melanoma.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of information that patients can obtain from large language models (LLMs) when seeking answers to common questions about choroidal melanoma.

Methods: Comparative study comparing frequently asked questions from choroidal melanoma patients and queried three major LLMs-ChatGPT 3.5, Bing AI, and DocsGPT.

Analysis of optical coherence tomography biomarker probability detection in central serous chorioretinopathy by using an artificial intelligence-based biomarker detector.

Aim: To adopt a novel artificial intelligence (AI) optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based program to identify the presence of biomarkers associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and whether these can differentiate between acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (aCSC and cCSC).

Methods: Multicenter, observational study with a retrospective design enrolling treatment-naïve patients with aCSC and cCSC. The diagnosis of aCSC and cCSC was established with multimodal imaging and for the current study subsequent follow-up visits were also considered.

Perspectives on the currently available pharmacotherapy for wet macular degeneration.

Introduction: Wet age-related macular degeneration (w-AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment globally, with its prevalence expected to rise alongside increasing life expectancy. The current standard treatment involves frequent intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, which although revolutionary, pose significant burdens on both patients and healthcare services.

Areas Covered: This review explores current and emerging pharmaceutical treatments for w-AMD, focusing on their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety.

Iris Reconstruction: A Surgeon's Guide.

: The aim of this review paper is to summarise surgical options available for repairing iris defects at the iris-lens plane, focusing on suturing techniques, iridodialysis repair, and prosthetic iris devices. : A thorough literature search was conducted using multiple databases, including Medline, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and the Cochrane Library, from inception to February 2024. Relevant studies were screened based on predefined criteria, and primary references cited in selected articles were also reviewed.

Prediction of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy through combined manual annotation and AI-assisted volume measurement of flat irregular pigment epithelium.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of an artificial intelligence (AI)-developed OCT program to predict the clinical course of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC ) based on baseline pigment epithelium detachment (PED) features.

Methods: Single-center, observational study with a retrospective design. Treatment-naïve patients with acute CSC and chronic CSC were recruited and OCTs were analyzed by an AI-developed platform (Discovery OCT Fluid and Biomarker Detector, RetinAI AG, Switzerland), providing automatic detection and volumetric quantification of PEDs.

CLINICAL FEATURES AND SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF SCLERAL BUCKLE SURGERY FOR PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: Moorfields Buckle Study.

Purpose: Long-term study to evaluate the clinical and surgical outcomes of scleral buckle (SB) surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) at a large tertiary eye center.

Methods: Noncomparative, retrospective case series of 589 eyes of 569 patients with primary RRD who underwent SB surgery between 2004 and 2022 with a median follow-up of 6 months. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity, surgical outcomes, complications, and classification of RRD.

A Common Polymorphism in Impacts Its Antimicrobial Activity toward Uropathogenic .

Human Ribonuclease (RNase) 6 is a monocyte and macrophage-derived protein with potent antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic bacteria. The gene is heterogeneous in humans due to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). rs1045922 is the most common non-synonymous SNP, resulting in a G to A substitution that determines an arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) transversion at position 66 in the protein sequence.

Non-Infectious Uveitis and Pregnancy, is There an Optimal Treatment? Uveitis Course and Safety of Uveitis Treatment in Pregnancy.

In pregnancy, a plethora of factors causes changes in maternal immunity. Uveitis flare-ups are more frequent in the first trimester and in undertreated patients. Management of non-infectious uveitis during pregnancy remains understudied.

"Application and accuracy of artificial intelligence-derived large language models in patients with age related macular degeneration".

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects millions of people globally, leading to a surge in online research of putative diagnoses, causing potential misinformation and anxiety in patients and their parents. This study explores the efficacy of artificial intelligence-derived large language models (LLMs) like in addressing AMD patients' questions.

Methods: ChatGPT 3.