Alzheimer's Disease and Neurosyphilis: Meaningful Commonalities and Differences of Clinical Phenotype and Pathophysiological Biomarkers.

Background: Neurosyphilis-associated cognitive and behavioral impairment- historically coined as "general paralysis of the insane"- share clinical and neuroradiological features with the neurodegenerative disease spectrum, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). Anatomopathological similarities have been extensively documented, i.e.

Categorising a problem: alcohol and dementia.

Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder that can include extended periods of abstinence followed by relapse to heavy drinking. Decades of evidence have clearly shown that long-term, chronic ethanol exposure produces brain damage in humans. The article aims to review the relationship between alcohol use and dementia.

Daily functioning and dementia.

Dementia is characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and in other cognitive domains that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities and social functioning. It is consistently agreed that cognitive impairment is an important risk factor for developing functional disabilities in patients with dementia. Functional status can be conceptualized as the ability to perform self-care, self- maintenance and physical activity.

A complication of coronavirus disease 2019: delirium.

COVID-19 is predominantly a respiratory disease. However, some cases exhibit other features including Central Nervous System symptoms. In the older adult, COVID-19 may present with atypical symptoms, including delirium and its complications.

Is that schizophrenia or frontotemporal dementia? Supporting clinicians in making the right diagnosis.

Schizophrenia (SCH) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurobehavioral syndromes characterized by a profound alteration in personal and social conduct. Differential diagnosis between SCH and FTD remains a challenge. In this short narrative review, we summarize evidences regarding similarities and differences between these disorders to support clinicians in making the right diagnosis.

Uncommon and/or bizarre features of dementia: part IV.

It is well established that the clinical picture of dementias is not clinically homogeneous. For example, non-amnestic presentations of Alzheimer's disease have been referred to as a typical variant. Careful examination of clinical characteristics contributes to understanding the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and may in turn enhance knowledge of the potential risk factors involved.

'I am dead': Cotard syndrome and dementia.

Cotard syndrome is a rare condition whose main feature is a nihilistic delusion ranging from the denial of body parts to that of the existence of one's own life or even the entire universe. The aim of this article is to review the nosological significance of Cotard syndrome and to explore the disorder among patients with dementia. Medline and Google Scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published before 2018.

Uncommon and/or bizarre features of dementia: Part III.

Clinical neurologists have long recognized that dementia can present as atypical or variant syndromes/symptoms. This study aimed at describing uncommon or bizarre symptoms/syndromes observed in patients suffering from dementia. Medline and Google scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published before 2018.

Uncommon and/or bizarre features of dementia. Part II.

In the past decades, clinicians have recognized that dementia may appear as atypical or variant syndromes, as well as the typical form. This study aimed at describing uncommon or bizarre symptoms/syndromes observed in patients suffering from dementia. Medline and Google scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published before 2017.

Eating Behaviors and Dietary Changes in Patients With Dementia.

Background: Eating problems and dietary changes have been reported in patients with dementia.

Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore the generalized problems with nutrition, diet, feeding, and eating reported among patients with dementia.

Methods: Medline and Google Scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published before 2016.

Sexual disinhibition and dementia.

To describe inappropriate sexual behaviour (ISB) observed in patients with dementia, we conducted searches using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science to find relevant articles, chapters, and books published from 1950 to 2014. Search terms used included 'hypersexuality', 'inappropriate sexual behaviors', and 'dementia'. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references.

Migraine features in migraineurs with and without anxiety-depression symptoms: a hospital-based study.

Background: Migraine, anxiety and depression often coexist. A "neurolimbic" model of migraine has been recently proposed accounting for a dynamic influence of pain, mood and anxiety on the migraine disease. However, very few data exist concerning clinical migraine features in patients reporting anxiety-depression symptoms.

Sleep disturbances and dementia.

Sleep is a complex behavioural state, the ultimate functions of which remain poorly understood. It becomes more fragmented as we age, with more night-time awakenings and greater tendency for daytime sleep. The magnitude of disordered sleep among individuals affected by dementia has been clearly demonstrated, and disturbed sleep is a major clinical problem in dementia.

Apathy and dementia. Nosology, assessment and management.

Apathy, characterized by lack of motivation and loss of initiative, is a non-cognitive symptom that affects a high proportion, but not all, of patients with all forms of dementia. To explore the phenomenon of apathy in people with dementia, we searched the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases for original research and review articles on apathetic behaviors in patients with dementia using the search terms "apathy, behavioral and psychological symptoms, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal dementia, Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Vascular dementia". Some nosological aspects, neurobiological basis, and assessment of, as well as, potential benefits of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for apathy in dementia are discussed.

Clinical features associated with ictal osmophobia in migraine.

Olfactory hypersensitivity may occur during migraine attacks and has been found to be very specific for this form of headache. Aim of this study was to investigate if migraineurs with ictal osmophobia have particular clinical features comparing to patients without ictal osmophobia. We recruited 200 consecutive migraineurs.

Uncommon and/or bizarre features of dementia.

This study aimed at describing uncommon or bizarre symptoms observed in patients suffering from dementia. Medline and Google scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published since 1967. Search terms used included uncommon presentation, behavioural and psychological symptoms, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and fronto-temporal dementia.

Wandering and dementia.

Wandering represents one of many behavioural problems occurring in people with dementia. To consider the phenomenon of wandering behaviour in demented patients, we conducted searches using Medline and Google Scholar to find relevant articles, chapters, and books published since 1975. Search terms used included 'wandering', 'behavioural and psychological symptoms', 'dementia', 'nursing', and 'elopements'.

Delusional misidentification syndromes and dementia: a border zone between neurology and psychiatry.

The delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) are psychopathologic phenomena in which a patient consistently misidentifies persons, places, objects, or events. Although often described in relation to psychotic states including schzofrenia, it is, nevertheless, widely considered that these syndromes have an anatomical basis because of their frequent association with organic brain disease; studies have pointed to the presence of identifiable lesions, especially in the right frontal lobe and adjacent regions, in a considerable proportion of patients. The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenon in people with dementia.

Understanding delusion in dementia: a review.

Alzheimer's disease and other dementia are associated with cognitive and functional impairment, as well as neuropsychiatric sequelae, including psychotic features. Research has largely concentrated on the study of cognitive decline, but the associated behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms are of equal importance in the clinical profile of the disease. Delusions are common, disabling and persistent in the course of dementia.

How aware are migraineurs of their triggers?

Background: Broad discrepancies in the number of migraine triggers have been reported in several studies. Migraineurs do not seem to recognize easily headache triggers in clinical practice.

Objective: To evaluate how aware migraineurs are about their headache triggers.

Cognitive correlates of negative symptoms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: implications for the frontal lobe syndrome.

Although both behavioral disturbances and executive impairments of patients with the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) seem to depend on early neurodegenerative damages to the prefrontal cortex, the relationship between these two distinct clinical features has been only partially established and represents the focus of the current preliminary neuropsychological study. Ten subsequent bvFTD patients underwent a neuropsychiatric assessment with the Frontal Behavior Inventory and a neuropsychological battery focused on prefrontal functions. Significant correlations were found only between negative symptoms and measures of prevalent medial prefrontal functioning, i.

Repetitive and stereotypic phenomena and dementia.

Background: Behavioral disturbances of dementia, such as repetitive and stereotypic phenomena, can be distressing to caregivers and may lead to early institutionalization of the patient.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenon of repetitive phenomena in patients with dementia.

Methods: We searched the PubMed electronic databases for original research and review articles on repetitive phenomena in patients with dementia using the search terms "repetitive behavior, stereotypic behavior, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal dementia.