Report dose-to-medium in clinical trials where available; a consensus from the Global Harmonisation Group to maximize consistency.

Purpose: To promote consistency in clinical trials by recommending a uniform framework as it relates to radiation transport and dose calculation in water versus in medium.

Methods: The Global Quality Assurance of Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials Harmonisation Group (GHG; www.rtqaharmonization.

MRI only in a patient with prostate cancer with bilateral metal hip prostheses: case study.

Objective: To outline a practical method of performing prostate cancer radiotherapy in patients with bilateral metal hip prostheses with the standard resources available in a modern general hospital. The proposed workflow is based exclusively on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to avoid computed tomography (CT) artifacts.

Case Description: This study concerns a 73-year-old man with bilateral hip prostheses with an elevated risk prostate cancer.

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Treatment of Brain Metastases during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

Introduction: The WHO declared 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a public health emergency of international concern. The National and Regional Health System has been reorganized, and many oncological patients died during this period or had to interrupt their therapies. This study summarizes a single-centre experience, during the COVID-19 period in Italy, in the treatment of brain metastases with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS).

Increasing the risk of late rectal bleeding after high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the case of previous abdominal surgery. Results from a prospective trial.

Purpose: To evaluate and discuss the role of specific types of abdominal surgery (SURG) before radical radiation therapy as a risk factor for late rectal toxicity in prostate cancer patients.

Methods: Results concerning questionnaire-based scored late bleeding and faecal incontinence in 718 patients with a complete follow-up of 36 months were analysed, focusing on the impact of specific pre-radiotherapy abdominal/pelvic surgery procedures. Patients were accrued in the prospective study AIROPROS 0102.

Set-up errors and planning target volume margins in head and neck cancer radiotherapy: a clinical study of image guidance with on-line cone-beam computed tomography.

Background: Set-up errors represent a source of uncertainty in head and neck (H&N) cancer radiotherapy. The present study evaluated set-up accuracy with the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in order to establish the proper clinical target volume (CTV) to planning target volume (PTV) margins to be adopted.

Methods: Local set-up accuracy was analysed for 44 H&N cancer patients since the implementation of CBCT.

Gantry angle dependence in IMRT pre-treatment patient-specific quality controls.

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is a complex treatment modality that requires pre-treatment patient-specific quality control (QC) in order to assess a correct treatment delivery. The aim of this work is to investigate pre-treatment patient-specific per-field QCs performed with an on-board EPID at the gantry angle of 0° and at the treatment ones, and to asses if measurements executed at 0° are able to guarantee a correct treatment. Ten patients with prostate cancer were evaluated.

Late fecal incontinence after high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer: better prediction using longitudinal definitions.

Purpose: To model late fecal incontinence after high-dose prostate cancer radiotherapy (RT) in patients accrued in the AIROPROS (prostate working group of the Italian Association of Radiation Oncology) 0102 trial using different endpoint definitions.

Methods And Materials: The self-reported questionnaires (before RT, 1 month after RT, and every 6 months for ≤3 years after RT) of 586 patients were available. The peak incontinence (P_INC) and two longitudinal definitions (chronic incontinence [C_INC], defined as the persistence of Grade 1 or greater incontinence after any Grade 2-3 event; and mean incontinence score [M_INC], defined as the average score during the 3-year period after RT) were considered.

Inclusion of clinical risk factors into NTCP modelling of late rectal toxicity after high dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Background And Purpose: To fit an NTCP model including clinical risk factors to late rectal toxicities after radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Methods And Materials: Data of 669 patients were considered. The probability of late toxicity within 36months (bleeding and incontinence) was fitted with the original and a modified Logit-EUD model, including clinical factors by fitting a subset specific TD(50)s: the ratio of TD(50)s with and without including the clinical variable was the dose-modifying factor (D(mod)).

Clinical and dosimetric predictors of late rectal toxicity after conformal radiation for localized prostate cancer: results of a large multicenter observational study.

Purpose: Assessing the predictors of late rectal toxicity after high-dose conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Methods: One thousand one hundred thirty-two patients entered a prospective observational multicentric study; late rectal toxicity was evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Results concerning bleeding and faecal incontinence of 718/1132 patients with a complete follow-up at 36 months were analysed.