Vitamin E discussion forum position paper on the revision of the nomenclature of vitamin E.

This position paper opens a discussion forum of this Journal dedicated to a scientific debate on Vitamin E nomenclature. With this article we provide the scientific and medical communities with what we consider relevant information in favor of revising the nomenclature of vitamin E. To our knowledge, only RRR-α-tocopherol has been medically used to protect against a deficiency disease in humans, and therefore, it would be appropriate to restrict the term vitamin to this molecule.

Oxidative Stress: What Is It? Can It Be Measured? Where Is It Located? Can It Be Good or Bad? Can It Be Prevented? Can It Be Cured?

The meaning, the appropriate usage and the misusage of the terms oxidative stress, oxidative eustress, and oxidative distress have been evaluated. It has been realized that the terms oxidative stress and oxidative damage are often used inappropriately as synonyms. The usage of the term eustress (intended as good stress) is unsuitable to indicate signaling by reactive molecular an event that can be finalistically considered either good or bad, depending on the circumstances.

Reflections on a century of vitamin E research: Looking at the past with an eye on the future.

The name vitamin E, was given by Barnett and Sure who suggested that the factor proposed by Evans and Bishop as substance "X," be termed vitamin "E" as the next vitamin after the A, B, C and D vitamins had been already described. The identification of vitamin E with a-tocopherol was made in 1936 by Evans' group. One year later β-tocopherol and 11 years later δ-tocopherol were isolated.

The Atlas of Inflammation Resolution (AIR).

Acute inflammation is a protective reaction by the immune system in response to invading pathogens or tissue damage. Ideally, the response should be localized, self-limited, and returning to homeostasis. If not resolved, acute inflammation can result in organ pathologies leading to chronic inflammatory phenotypes.

WITHDRAWN: The Atlas of Inflammation Resolution (AIR).

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

Tocopherols, tocotrienols and tocomonoenols: Many similar molecules but only one vitamin E.

The aim of this article is to correct a very general error in scientific articles, in textbooks and in the Internet that has become an accepted fact. In this literature, the term "vitamin E″ is used for several similar molecules (both tocopherols and tocotrienols) that have never been shown to have vitamin property, i.e.

Vitamin E - The Next 100 Years.

α-Tocopherol is the only tocopherol that has been shown to prevent the human deficiency disease Ataxia with Isolated Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED), and thus it is the only one that, for humans, can be called vitamin E. Vitamin E in addition to preventing AVED has documented immune boosting properties and an activity against nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis and low-grade inflammation. Epidemiological studies indicating that vitamin E could prevent cardiovascular events, neurodegenerative disease, macular degeneration, and cancer were in general not confirmed by clinical intervention studies.

Curcumin and piperine supplementation of obese mice under caloric restriction modulates body fat and interleukin-1β.

Background: Dietary bioactive compounds capable of improving metabolic profiles would be of great value, especially for overweight individuals undergoing a caloric restriction (CR) regimen. Curcumin (Cur), a possible anti-obesity compound, and piperine (Pip), a plausible enhancer of Cur's bioavailability and efficacy, may be candidate agents for controlling body fat, metabolism and low grade inflammation.

Methods: 47 eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 23 weeks to induce obesity.

Antioxidants: Wonder drugs or quackery?

An answer to the question posed by the title must be simple not to disturb in his tomb Albert Einstein, who wrote "Man muß die Dinge so einfach wie möglich machen. Aber nicht einfacher". A simple answer (not simpler) can be: Antioxidants are not antioxidants, they are not wonder drugs and they are not all quackery; but they are not nothing.

Many tocopherols, one vitamin E.

Four tocopherols are available in nature and are absorbed with the diet, but only one RRR-α-tocopherol satisfies the criteria of being a vitamin. The biological activity of the different tocopherols studied in the rat by the resorption-gestation test has been inconsistently extrapolated to human beings where the tocopherols have no influence on a successful pregnancy. Diminution of RRR-α-tocopherol intake results in diseases characterized by ataxia, whose pathogenetic mechanism, despite vigorous claims, has not been clarified.

Vitamin E: Emerging aspects and new directions.

The discovery of vitamin E will have its 100th anniversary in 2022, but we still have more questions than answers regarding the biological functions and the essentiality of vitamin E for human health. Discovered as a factor essential for rat fertility and soon after characterized for its properties of fat-soluble antioxidant, vitamin E was identified to have signaling and gene regulation effects in the 1980s. In the same years the cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of vitamin E was characterized and a first series of studies on short-chain carboxyethyl metabolites in the 1990s paved the way to the hypothesis of a biological role for this metabolism alternative to vitamin E catabolism.

Induction of VEGF expression by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl phosphate via PI3Kγ/PKB and hTAP1/SEC14L2-mediated lipid exchange.

In several studies, vitamin E has been observed to influence angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. We recently showed that the phosphorylated form of α-tocopherol (αT), α-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), increases the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, αTP may act as an active lipid mediator increasing VEGF expression, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis.

Modulation of phosphorylation of tocopherol and phosphatidylinositol by hTAP1/SEC14L2-mediated lipid exchange.

The vitamin E derivative, alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), is detectable in cultured cells, plasma and tissues in small amounts, suggesting the existence of enzyme(s) with α-tocopherol (αT) kinase activity. Here, we characterize the production of αTP from αT and [γ-32P]-ATP in primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCA-SMC) using separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and subsequent analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). In addition to αT, although to a lower amount, also γT is phosphorylated.

Differential cellular uptake and metabolism of curcuminoids in monocytes/macrophages: regulatory effects on lipid accumulation.

We have previously shown that curcumin (CUR) may increase lipid accumulation in cultured human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, but that tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), an in vivo metabolite of CUR, has no such effect. In the present study, we hypothesised that the different cellular uptake and/or metabolism of CUR and THC might be a possible explanation for the previously observed differences in their effects on lipid accumulation in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages. Chromatography with tandem MS revealed that CUR was readily taken up by THP-1 monocytes/macrophages and slowly metabolised to hexahydrocurcumin sulphate.

In vivo regulation of gene transcription by alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in murine T lymphocytes.

Of the 8 different analogues (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) designated as vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (α-T) has been mostly studied, together with gamma-tocopherol (γ-T) which is abundant in the US diet. We compared the effect of dietary supplementation with adequate or high doses of α-T or γ-T on the number and type of genes expressed following T cell activation. C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing adequate (30 ppm) or high (500 ppm) amounts of α-T or γ-T for 4 weeks.

α-Tocopherol binding to human serum albumin.

Given the ability of human serum albumin (HSA) to bind hydrophobic ligands, the binding mode of α-tocopherol, the most representative member of the vitamin E family, is reported. α-Tocopherol binds to HSA with Kd0 = (7.0 ± 3.