Immunomodulatory potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells.

Chemical composition and cytotoxic properties of Clinacanthus nutans root extracts.

Context: Clinacanthus nutans Lindau (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and antivenom activities. In Malaysia, it has been widely claimed to be effective in various cancer treatments but scientific evidence is lacking.

Objective: This study investigates the chemical constituents, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic properties of C.