Long-term monitoring of forest soils is necessary to understand the effects of continued environmental change, including climate change, atmospheric deposition of metals, and, in many regions, recovery from acidic precipitation. A monitoring program was initiated in 2002 at five protected forest sites, primarily Spodosol soils, in Vermont, northeastern USA. Every 5 years, ten soil pits were sampled from random subplots in a 50 × 50-m plot at each site.
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