Essential Foundational Education Research Methods Articles for Graduate Medical Educators: A Delphi Study.

Graduate medical educators interested in designing and conducting education research may seek foundational general overview articles on education research methods. We aimed to identify the most useful foundational education research methods articles for medical educators. We identified candidate articles through a 2020 Ovid MEDLINE literature search augmented by the authors' personal files and by cross-checking references of included articles.

Testing and Case Rates of Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, and HIV among People with Substance Use Disorders in the Veterans Health Administration.

Background: Little is known about national patterns of sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and infections among people with substance use disorders (SUDs).

Methods: This study used a national retrospective analysis of people with SUDs receiving healthcare in the Veterans Health Administration in 2019 (N = 485,869). We describe testing rates, test positivity, and case rates for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV among individuals with alcohol, opioid, cocaine, and noncocaine stimulant use disorders in a national cohort of Veterans Health Administration patients.

Incidence and risk factors for clinically confirmed secondary bacterial infections in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Objective: The true incidence and risk factors for secondary bacterial infections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly understood. Knowledge of risk factors for secondary infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is necessary to optimally guide selective use of empiric antimicrobial therapy.

Design: Single-center retrospective cohort study of symptomatic inpatients admitted for COVID-19 from April 15, 2020, through June 30, 2021.

The Need for Antiviral Drugs for Pandemic Coronaviruses From a Global Health Perspective.

Respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 has caused widespread mortality, creating an urgent need for effective treatments and a long-term need for antivirals for future emergent coronaviruses. Pharmacotherapy for respiratory viruses has largely been unsuccessful with the exception of early treatment of influenza viruses, which shortens symptom duration and prevents infection in close contacts. Under the rapidly evolving circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, most clinical trials of experimental treatments in the United States have focused on later stages of the disease process.

Infectious Diseases Simulation for Medical Students: Experiential Instruction on Personal Protective Equipment.

Introduction: The emergence of COVID-19 highlighted the critical importance of appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the safety of patients and health care personnel. However, previously published survey data indicated that formal instruction on the correct utilization of PPE is uncommon in medical school curricula, and there is no published guidance about optimal instruction methods. The infectious disease (ID) simulation lab at Oregon Health & Science University filled this need.

Understanding viral shedding of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Review of current literature.

Objective: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has significant implications for hospital infection prevention and control, discharge management, and public health. We reviewed available literature to reach an evidenced-based consensus on the expected duration of viral shedding.

Design: We queried 4 scholarly repositories and search engines for studies reporting SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding dynamics by PCR and/or culture available through September 8, 2020.

Sex differences in β-amyloid accumulation in 3xTg-AD mice: role of neonatal sex steroid hormone exposure.

The risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is higher in women than in men, a sex difference that likely results from the effects of sex steroid hormones. To investigate this relationship, we first compared progression of β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in male and female triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice. We found that female 3xTg-AD mice exhibit significantly greater Aβ burden and larger behavioral deficits than age-matched males.

Continuous and cyclic progesterone differentially interact with estradiol in the regulation of Alzheimer-like pathology in female 3xTransgenic-Alzheimer's disease mice.

Depletion of estrogens and progesterone at menopause has been linked to an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women. A currently controversial literature indicates that although treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone therapy (HT) may reduce the risk of AD, several parameters of HT may limit its potential efficacy and perhaps, even exacerbate AD risk. One such parameter is continuous vs.