Psychological capital variables as protective factors in indigenous youth experiencing homelessness.

Indigenous youth in the United States are at high-risk for experiencing homelessness related to adverse childhood experiences such as parental substance use and low educational attainment. Such experiences may lead to adverse physical and mental health issues; these youth also have positive attributes of psychological capita (hope, self-efficacy, resilience, optimism) that are related to health outcomes. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to describe demographic attributes and psychological capital in Indigenous youth experiencing homelessness (IYEH) who participated in a longitudinal intervention study related to safe sex behaviors and life satisfaction.

The Importance of Nurse-Patient Relationships in the Midst of Substance Misuse: Support for Rural Youth Well-Being.

Nurses working in rural acute and community-based settings are often asked for substance use treatment guidance and education in a health care system with minimal treatment services available. Nursing science provides an alternative answer for nurses to lean on in their clinical practice when working with rural-dwelling youth in the midst of substance misuse. Practical strategies are offered, which nurses may integrate into their routine clinical care to strengthen the nurse-patient relationship and enhance positive attributes among youth.

"The System Tends to Scoop You Up and Spit You Out and They're Done With You": The Intersection of Intellectual/Developmental Disability and Homelessness From the Perspectives of Service Providers.

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience elevated risk for poor health and social outcomes in adulthood and are at risk for experiencing homelessness and housing instability. Although the exact prevalence of IDD among homeless populations is unknown, a small body of literature related to the intersection of IDD and homelessness suggests differential health needs and service use patterns, with a need for targeted health and social services. In this study, we explore the perceptions and experiences of 18 homeless or disability service providers about (a) their clients at the intersection of IDD and homelessness and (b) their role and the services provided at the intersection of IDD and homelessness.

A Systematic Scoping Review of Psychological Capital Related to Mental Health in Youth.

Psychological capital (PsyCap) is a term coined in organizational psychology and refers to a person's development of states that motivate behavior. Also known in the literature as PsyCap, this construct typically refers to positive states of hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism that are amenable to intervention and that are related to subjective well-being and life satisfaction. The aims of this systematic scoping review were to explore how PsyCap is described in youth mental health literature and how PsyCap and mental health are related.

Connectedness, Self-Esteem, and Prosocial Behaviors Protect Adolescent Mental Health Following Social Isolation: A Systematic Review.

Societal trends and COVID-19 quarantines have increased the number of adolescents experiencing social isolation, placing them at heightened risk for mental health issues. The aim of this review is to explore protective factors that might mitigate psychological harm in the presence of social isolation. A systematic literature review was conducted using Fink's step-by-step process.

Overexpression of sICAM-1 in the alveolar epithelial space results in an exaggerated inflammatory response and early death in Gram negative pneumonia.

Background: A sizeable body of data demonstrates that membrane ICAM-1 (mICAM-1) plays a significant role in host defense in a site-specific fashion. On the pulmonary vascular endothelium, mICAM-1 is necessary for normal leukocyte recruitment during acute inflammation. On alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), we have shown previously that the presence of normal mICAM-1 is essential for optimal alveolar macrophage (AM) function.

Immune reconstitution during Pneumocystis lung infection: disruption of surfactant component expression and function by S-nitrosylation.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), the most common opportunistic pulmonary infection associated with HIV infection, is marked by impaired gas exchange and significant hypoxemia. Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) represents a syndrome of paradoxical respiratory failure in patients with active or recently treated PCP subjected to immune reconstitution. To model IRD, C57BL/6 mice were selectively depleted of CD4(+) T cells using mAb GK1.

Critical roles of inflammation and apoptosis in improved survival in a model of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in Pneumocystis murina-infected mice.

Pneumocystis infections increase host susceptibility to additional insults that would be tolerated in the absence of infection, such as hyperoxia. In an in vivo model using CD4-depleted mice, we previously demonstrated that Pneumocystis murina pneumonia causes significant mortality following an otherwise nonlethal hyperoxic insult. Infected mice demonstrated increased pulmonary inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis compared to controls.

Pneumocystis murina infection and cigarette smoke exposure interact to cause increased organism burden, development of airspace enlargement, and pulmonary inflammation in mice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction and lung destruction with airspace enlargement. In addition to cigarette smoking, respiratory pathogens play a role in pathogenesis, but specific organisms are not always identified. Recent reports demonstrate associations between the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA in lung specimens or respiratory secretions and the presence of emphysema in COPD patients.

Enhanced lung injury and delayed clearance of Pneumocystis carinii in surfactant protein A-deficient mice: attenuation of cytokine responses and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species.

Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a member of the collectin family, selectively binds to Pneumocystis carinii and mediates interactions between pathogen and host alveolar macrophages in vitro. To test the hypothesis that mice lacking SP-A have delayed clearance of Pneumocystis organisms and enhanced lung injury, wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and SP-A-deficient mice (SP-A(-/-)) with or without selective CD4(+)-T-cell depletion were intratracheally inoculated with Pneumocystis organisms. Four weeks later, CD4-depleted SP-A-deficient mice had developed a more severe Pneumocystis infection than CD4-depleted WT (P.

Delayed clearance of pneumocystis carinii infection, increased inflammation, and altered nitric oxide metabolism in lungs of surfactant protein-D knockout mice.

Surfactant protein-D (SP-D), a member of the "collectin" family, has been shown to play a role in innate immunity through modulation of inflammation and clearance of organisms. The role of SP-D in host defense against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was assessed using SP-D knockout (KO) mice. When inoculated with P.

Pneumocystis pneumonia increases the susceptibility of mice to sublethal hyperoxia.

Patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia often develop respiratory failure after entry into medical care, and one mechanism for this deterioration may be increased alveolar epithelial cell injury. In vitro, we previously demonstrated that Pneumocystis is not cytotoxic for alveolar epithelial cells. In vivo, however, infection with Pneumocystis could increase susceptibility to injury by stressors that, alone, would be sublethal.

T cell costimulatory molecule function determines susceptibility to infection with Pneumocystis carinii in mice.

Loss of T cell number and function during HIV infection or secondary to pharmacologic immunosuppression renders individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Because costimulatory receptors are critical for optimal T cell function, we hypothesized that these proteins would regulate susceptibility to opportunistic infections. We found that despite normal T cell numbers, mice deficient in the costimulatory molecules CD2 and CD28 spontaneously developed P.