Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of animal by-products: Influence of operating conditions.

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Animal By-Products (ABP) is a promising technology for their recycling and disposal. Different operating parameters have been studied to determine their influence on the process. Higher heating values of biocrudes ranging between 35 and 39 MJ/kg have been obtained showing a maximum yield of 61% at 225 °C.

Thermochemical conversion of animal by-products and rendering products.

This paper presents a preliminary study of the characterization of real waste from slaughterhouses as well as their rendering products (protein and fat) through different pyrolytic techniques: thermogravimetric analysis (TG), analytical pyrolysis in a pyroprobe equipment and hydrothermal liquefaction process (HTL). The experiments have allowed a deeper knowledge about the thermal behavior of these wastes under different conditions: slow pyrolysis up to 800°C (TG), flash pyrolysis at 500°C and room pressure (pyroprobe) and slow pyrolysis at 290°C and 110-130bar (HTL batch reactor). Experiments with each one of the materials (real waste, PAP and fat) as well as some mixtures have been performed.

Toxic by-products from the combustion of Kraft lignin.

Lignin samples, sub-product in the Kraft process of cellulose from eucalyptus wood, were burnt in a laboratory scale furnace at different residence temperatures and with distinct fuel-rich atmospheres. The yields of CO, CO(2), eight light hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, acetylene, butane, etc.) and 60 semi-volatile+volatile compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, indene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, chrysene, etc.