Keeping an Open Mind About Open Notes: Sharing Anesthesia Records With Patients.

Please note that in the interim since this paper was accepted for publication, new governmental regulations, pertinent to the topic, have been approved for implementation. The reader is thus directed to this online addendum for additional relevant information: http://links.lww.

How should we approach parental refusals of opioids on behalf of children in the perioperative setting? A practical approach based on ethical theory.

In the midst of the current opioid epidemic, we have encountered more parents who are concerned about the use of opioids in the perioperative setting. Some parents have completely refused the use of opioids on behalf of their children. How should we approach this treatment refusal? This article describes ethical theory related to the refusal of treatment by parents on behalf of their children, and when it is justified to override parental decisions.