Screening for Developmental Delays in Pediatric Cochlea Implant Candidates and Recipients.

Objective: Conduct a pilot clinical improvement project to effectively screen children with hearing loss for developmental delays. Children with hearing loss and cochlear implants (CIs) are at risk for additional developmental delays; however, screening to aid in early identification and referral for developmental delays is not routinely performed at CI centers. It is important to consider all aspects of child development to maximize CI outcomes and access to language.

Receipt of Behavioral Therapy in Preschool-Age Children with ADHD and Coexisting Conditions: A DBPNet Study.

Objective: Practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics and Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics recommend evidence-based behavioral therapy (BT) as first-line treatment for preschool-age children with ADHD, prior to medication initiation. Thus, this study's objective is to present the frequency of physician-documented receipt of BT in preschool-age children with ADHD prior to medication initiation and to determine factors associated with receipt BT receipt.

Methods: This retrospective medical record review was conducted across 7 Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics Research Network (DBPNet) sites.

Do Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms Moderate Medication Response in Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A DBPNet Study.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether parent ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity or externalizing symptoms (EXT) or internalizing symptoms (INT) moderate response to stimulants (STIM) and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (A2As) in preschool ADHD.

Methods: Health records for children treated with medication for ADHD and with parent rating scale data available (N = 309; age <72 months) were reviewed at 7 Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Research Network sites. Severity of ADHD was defined as the number of ADHD symptoms occurring often or very often on DSM-IV-based parent rating scales.

α2-Adrenergic Agonists or Stimulants for Preschool-Age Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Importance: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed in approximately 2.4% of preschool-age children. Stimulants are recommended as first-line medication treatment.

Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Telephone Medication Management at Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Network Sites.

Objective: To understand developmental-behavioral pediatricians' (DBPs') use of clinic versus telephone encounters for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication management. Understanding use of telephone encounters for pharmacologic management of ADHD in preschoolers may inform care for children with ADHD.

Methods: DBP investigators within Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics Research Network abstracted data from medical records of 503 children aged younger than 72 months treated for ADHD with medication by a DBP clinician between January 1, 2013, and July 1, 2017, across 7 sites.

Young Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Disruptive Behavior Disorders Are More Frequently Prescribed Alpha Agonists Than Stimulants.

To examine medication prescribing patterns for preschool-aged children with diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). Secondary objectives included determining if prescription patterns varied by gender, insurance type, or comorbid diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A retrospective, cross-sectional chart review was completed for children ages 2-5 years who were treated at an academic medical center between 2013 and 2016 with a diagnosis of ADHD and/or DBD.

Screening for Anemia in Children with Down Syndrome.

Objective: As part of the 2011 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) health supervision guidelines for children with Down syndrome (DS), annual screening for iron deficiency anemia is recommended between the ages of 1 and 18 years, but the evidence supporting this recommendation is limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia in patients with DS between the ages of 1 and 18 years to provide additional evidence for the AAP 2011 guideline recommendations for annual hemoglobin and ferritin screening in patients with DS.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was completed by obtaining data from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients meeting the following inclusion criterion: a diagnosis of DS in patients aged 1 to 18 years seen at our institution with hemoglobin drawn between July 2012 and 2016.

Exosome release and cargo in Down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting 1 in 800 births worldwide. Advancing technology, medical treatment, and social intervention have dramatically increased life expectancy, yet there are many etiologies of this disorder that are in need of further research. The advent of the ability to capture extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood from specific cell types allows for the investigation of novel intracellular processes.

Preventing elopement in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Reports of missing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common in the media, and elopement can lead to dire consequences. This study quantified the use of preventive measures that target elopement, plus identified child/family characteristics associated with elopement and the use of preventive measures. This cross-sectional study included 394 caregivers of children ages 2-17 years with ASD followed in an academic medical center's Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics clinic.

Down syndrome and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea surgery: A national cohort.

Objectives/hypothesis: To analyze the trend of sleep surgeries in pediatric patients with Down syndrome (DS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to compare this to nonsyndromic (NS) children with OSA.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort database analysis.

Methods: Analysis of the 1997 to 2012 editions of the Kid's Inpatient Database was conducted.

Assessment of weight gain following adenotonsillectomy in children with Down syndrome.

Introduction: Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) has been associated with postoperative weight gain in children. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a similar association exists in children with Down syndrome (DS).

Methods: The medical records of 311 DS patients were reviewed.

Tonsillectomy in Children with Down Syndrome: A National Cohort of Inpatients.

Objective To describe the cost, length of stay, and incidence of postoperative hemorrhage associated with Down syndrome (DS) patients undergoing tonsillectomy in a national sample of inpatient children. Study Design This study uses a national cross-sectional cohort to analyze children with and without DS undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Setting 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database.

Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in patients with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective: To review the literature for studies examining polysomnography (PSG) outcomes in patients with Down syndrome (DS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following adenotonsillectomy (T&A), and to review our experience with these patients.

Data Sources: PubMed-NCBI, Scopus, Ovid, EBSCO, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases; tertiary academic center medical records.

Review Methods: A systematic review of the medical literature identified articles reporting objective outcomes following T&A for OSA treatment in patients with DS.

Neuronal exosomes reveal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in Down syndrome.

Introduction: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and dementia early in life. Blood biomarkers of AD neuropathology would be valuable, as non-AD intellectual disabilities of DS and AD dementia overlap clinically. We hypothesized that elevations of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and phosphorylated-tau in neuronal exosomes may document preclinical AD.

Sleep-disordered breathing in Down syndrome.

OSA is associated with significant adverse outcomes with far-reaching health-care implications. OSA is much more common and severe in patients with Down syndrome (DS) than in the general population, yet there is a striking lack of literature in this area. In this review article, we have summarized the current state of knowledge and presented the available data on OSA in DS.

Ameliorating attention problems in children with sickle cell disease: a pilot study of methylphenidate.

Objective: This pilot study examined whether methylphenidate (MPH) was effective in enhancing cognitive performance and attention for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) with cerebrovascular complications who evidence attention problems.

Methods: In this multisite, pilot study, we evaluated 2 separate double-blind controlled clinical trials, including a laboratory trial of the short-term efficacy of MPH, with the second study a 3-week home/school crossover trial evaluating the efficacy of MPH. The laboratory trial included 14 participants between the age of 7 and 16 years.

The Effects of Early Neglect on Cognitive, Language, and Behavioral Functioning in Childhood.

Objectives: Few studies have explored the impact of different types of neglect on children's development. Measures of cognition, language, behavior, and parenting stress were used to explore differences between children experiencing various forms of neglect, as well as to compare children with and without a history of early neglect.

Methods: Children, ages 3 to 10 years with a history of familial neglect (USN), were compared to children with a history of institutional rearing (IA) and children without a history of neglect using the Differential Abilities Scale, Test of Early Language Development, Child Behavior Checklist, and Parenting Stress Index.

Developmental delay timely identification and assessment.

This paper outlines the prevalence of developmental delay in children and discusses the recent literature regarding the benefits of early identification and evidence based strategies for developmental surveillance and screening. We describe a systematic approach to the child with developmental delay and the optimal methodology for arriving at the etiologic basis for the delay. A review of the most upto date and relevant literature was completed using Pub Med, online databases, and texts.

Parental depressive symptoms: relationship to child development, parenting, health, and results on parent-reported screening tools.

Objective: To determine whether parents with depressive symptoms can accurately complete parent-reported developmental screens, and to explore effects of parental depressive symptoms on perceptions of children's health and parenting behaviors.

Study Design: A total of 382 parent-child (ages 0 to 2 years) dyads from pediatric sites across 17 U.S.