Effects of lithium and deafferentation on expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, NFkappaB, beta-catenin and pCreb in the chick cochlear nucleus.

The avian brainstem serves as a useful model to answer the question of how afferent activity influences the viability of target neurons. Approximately 20-30% of neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) die following deafferentation (i.e.