Gender trends in emergency medicine publications.

Background: In recent years, the number of women entering the field of emergency medicine (EM) has increased.

Objectives: To determine if authorship in EM publications has increased in parallel with this trend.

Methods: The gender of first and last authors of EM articles in Academic Emergency Medicine, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Annals of Emergency Medicine, and Journal of Emergency Medicine were examined.

HOXB4 homeodomain protein is expressed in developing epidermis and skin disorders and modulates keratinocyte proliferation.

The HOX homeodomain proteins are fundamental regulators of organ and tissue development, where they are thought to function as transcription factors, and HOX gene expression has been associated with numerous types of cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that enforced expression of the HOXB4 protein transforms cultured fibroblasts and leads to a selective expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell pool, suggesting that this protein might play a role in cellular proliferation. In support of this concept, we now show that enforced expression of HOXB4 in human neonatal keratinocytes results in increased cellular proliferation and colony formation as well as decreased expression of the alpha-2-integrin and CD44 cell surface adhesion molecules.