Cannabidiol promotes adipogenesis of human and mouse mesenchymal stem cells via PPARγ by inducing lipogenesis but not lipolysis.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Human exposure to CBD can be through recreational marijuana use, commercially available CBD-containing products, and medical treatments. Previous studies found that cannabidiol may activate the master regulator of adipogenesis, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).

Structures of Mo(x)W(3-x)O(6) (x = 0-3) anion and neutral clusters determined by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations.

The structures of Mo(3)O(6), Mo(2)WO(6), MoW(2)O(6), and W(3)O(6) and their associated anions were studied using a combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The 3.49 eV photon energy anion PE spectra of all four species showed broad electronic bands with origins near 2.

Unusual products observed in gas-phase W(x)O(y)- + H2O and D2O reactions.

Addition of H(2)O and D(2)O to small tungsten suboxide cluster anions W(x)O(y)(-) (x = 1-4; y < or = 3x) was studied using mass spectrometric measurements from a high-pressure fast flow reactor. Within the WO(y)(-) mass manifold, which also includes WO(4)H(-), product masses correspond to the addition of one to three H(2)O or D(2)O molecules. Within the W(2)O(y)(-) cluster series, product distributions suggest that sequential oxidation W(2)O(y)(-) + H(2)O/D(2)O --> W(2)O(y+1)(-) + H(2)/D(2) occurs for y < 5, while for W(2)O(5)(-), W(2)O(6)H(2)(-)/W(2)O(6)D(2)(-) is primarily produced.

Managing the unmanageable: the nature and impact of drug risk in physician groups.

As drug costs rose in the 1990s, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) began transferring risk for prescription drug expenditures to physician groups. With principal-agent theory as a framework for understanding drug-risk transfer, we used a multiple case-study design to examine the relationship between the level of drug risk that a physician group accepts and the physician group's adoption of drug-use management strategies. The data demonstrated that adoption of drug-use management innovations was not related to level of risk for pharmacy costs and that factors other than drug-risk level (e.