Socioecologic Factors and Racial Differences in Breast Cancer Multigene Prognostic Scores in US Women.

Importance: Disproportionately aggressive tumor biology among non-Hispanic Black women with early-stage, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer contributes to racial disparities in breast cancer mortality. It is unclear whether socioecologic factors underlie racial differences in breast tumor biology.

Objective: To examine individual-level (insurance status) and contextual (area-level socioeconomic position and rural or urban residence) factors as possible mediators of racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of ER-positive breast tumors with aggressive biology, as indicated by a high-risk gene expression profile.

Race/Ethnicity Modifies the Relationship Between Diet Quality at the Home- and Individual-Levels and Weight Status Among African American and Hispanic/Latinx Households With Preschool-Age Children.

Higher obesity prevalence and poorer diet quality disproportionately impacting groups based on income and race/ethnicity may be partially attributed to the home food environment. This study examined home- and individual-level diet quality with weight status among racially/ethnically diverse households. This cross-sectional study included African American (AA) and Hispanic/Latinx (H/L) households with preschool-age children ( = 97).

Understanding the role of magnesium stearate in lowering punch sticking propensity of drugs during compression.

The sticking of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to the surfaces of compaction tooling, frequently referred to as punch sticking, causes costly downtime or product failures in commercial tablet manufacturing. Magnesium stearate (MgSt) is a common tablet lubricant known to ameliorate the sticking problem, even though there exist exceptions. The mechanism by which MgSt lowers punch sticking propensity (PSP) by covering API surface is sensible but not yet experimentally proven.

Perceived factors that influence adoption, implementation and sustainability of an evidence-based intervention promoting healthful eating and physical activity in childcare centers in an urban area in the United States serving children from low-income, racially/ethnically diverse families.

Introduction: Early childcare centers offer optimal settings to provide healthy built environments where preschool age children spend a majority of their week. Many evidence-based interventions (EBIs) promoting healthful eating and physical activity for early childcare settings exist, but there is a limited understanding of how best to support adoption, implementation and sustainability in community settings. This study examined how early childcare teachers and administrators from Chicago-area childcare centers serving children from low-income, racially/ethnically diverse communities viewed an EBI called Hip to Health (H), and the factors they perceived as relevant for EBI adoption, implementation, and sustainability.

Magnesium stearate surface coverage on tablets and drug crystals: Insights from SEM-EDS elemental mapping.

Scanning electron microscopy-based energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) is proposed as a versatile tool for quantifying surface area coverage (SAC) by magnesium stearate (MgSt) on pharmaceutical tablets and particles. Our approach involved fast elemental mapping and subsequent SAC quantitation by image analysis. The study was conducted using a multi-component system, but the particle-level mapping was limited to active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) crystals.

Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation and Sustainability of Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions in Early Childcare Settings: a Systematic Review.

A stronger understanding of the factors influencing implementation of interventions in community-based early childcare settings is needed. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize existing research on facilitators and barriers to implementation and sustainability of nutrition and physical activity interventions in early childcare settings targeting 2-5-year-old children, including considerations for equitable implementation. This review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Linked experimental and modelling approaches for tablet property predictions.

Recent years have seen the advent of Quality-by-Design (QbD) as a philosophy to ensure the quality, safety, and efficiency of pharmaceutical production. The key pharmaceutical processing methodology of Direct Compression to produce tablets is also the focus of some research. The traditional Design-of-Experiments and purely experimental approach to achieve such quality and process development goals can have significant time and resource requirements.

Relative bioavailability of ertugliflozin tablets containing the amorphous form versus tablets containing the cocrystal form.

Objectives: Ertugliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. In its natural form, ertugliflozin exists as an amorphous solid with physicochemical properties that prevent commercial manufacture. The commercial product was developed as an immediate-release tablet, consisting of an ertugliflozin-L-pyroglutamic acid cocrystal of 1 : 1 molar stoichiometry as the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Validation of a self-report home food availability checklist against in-home food inventories conducted in low-income Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx households with preschool-age children.

Home food availability (HFA) checklists can be completed by self-report to assess the home food environment. Checklists developed for Black/African American (B/AA) and Hispanic/Latinx (H/L) households are seldom validated against objective approaches such as exhaustive in-home food inventories. This study validated a self-report HFA checklist developed for B/AA and H/L households (n = 97) against researcher-completed HFA checklists verified by exhaustive in-home food inventories.

Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) does not support "Public Charge Rule" changes affecting immigrants' food security.

Federal nutrition assistance programs, especially the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), are an important safety net for households in the USA. Although few immigrant households are eligible for SNAP, those who need the program are less likely to participate than nonimmigrant households. Documented barriers to participation include language challenges and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

A Longitudinal Mixed Method Approach for Assessing Implementation Context and Process Factors: Comparison of Three Sites from a Housing First Implementation Strategy Pilot.

Background: Implementation science's focus on establishing implementation strategy effectiveness has overshadowed the need to understand differential performance of such strategies under various conditions. Methods allowing for assessment between implementation context and process can help address this gap. This paper provides a detailed description of a mixed method procedure for assessing factors related to the implementation context and process intersection, which was developed as part of the pilot study of the Housing First Technical Assistance and Training (HFTAT) Program, a multifaceted strategy designed to support Housing First model implementation.

A systematic review of the implementation of obesity prevention interventions in early childcare and education settings using the RE-AIM framework.

Previous systematic reviews have examined the efficacy of obesity prevention interventions within early childcare/education settings. Often lacking in these reviews is reporting on external validity, which continues to be underemphasized compared to internal validity. More attention to external validity would help better translate evidence-based interventions to real-world settings.

Relationship Between Grocery Shopping Frequency and Home- and Individual-Level Diet Quality Among Low-Income Racial or Ethnic Minority Households With Preschool-Aged Children.

Background: The home food environment can shape the diets of young children. However, little is known about modifiable factors that influence home food availability and dietary intake.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between grocery shopping frequency with home- and individual-level diet quality.

Pre-diagnostic carbohydrate intake and treatment failure after radical prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer.

Purpose: An association between dietary carbohydrate intake and prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis is biologically plausible, but data are scarce. This prospective cohort study examined the relation between pre-diagnostic carbohydrate intake and treatment failure following radical prostatectomy for clinically early-stage PCa.

Methods: We identified 205 men awaiting radical prostatectomy and assessed their usual dietary intake of carbohydrates using the 110-item Block food frequency questionnaire.

The century experiment: the first twenty years of UC Davis' Mediterranean agroecological experiment.

The Century Experiment at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility at the University of California, Davis provides long-term agroecological data from row crop systems in California's Central Valley starting in 1993. The Century Experiment was initially designed to study the effects of a gradient of water and nitrogen availability on soil properties and crop performance in ten different cropping systems to measure tradeoffs and synergies between agricultural productivity and sustainability. Currently systems include 11 different cropping systems-consisting of four different crops and a cover crop mixture-and one native grass system.

The relationship between home- and individual-level diet quality among African American and Hispanic/Latino households with young children.

Background: The quality of most Americans' diets is far from optimal. Given that many Americans consume a significant portion of calories in the home, intervening in this setting could be beneficial. However, the relationship between the home food environment and diet quality is not well understood.

Correlation of dissolution and disintegration results for an immediate-release tablet.

The drug release rate of a rapidly dissolving immediate-release tablet formulation with a highly soluble drug is proposed to be controlled by the disintegration rate of the tablet. Disintegration and dissolution test methods used to evaluate the tablets were shown to discriminate manufacturing process differences and compositionally variant tablets. In addition, a correlation was established between disintegration and dissolution.

A Quiescent Bcl11b High Stem Cell Population Is Required for Maintenance of the Mammary Gland.

Stem cells in many tissues sustain themselves by entering a quiescent state to avoid genomic insults and to prevent exhaustion caused by excessive proliferation. In the mammary gland, the identity and characteristics of quiescent epithelial stem cells are not clear. Here, we identify a quiescent mammary epithelial cell population expressing high levels of Bcl11b and located at the interface between luminal and basal cells.

Health Behavior and Weight Changes Among Ethnic and Racial Minority Preschoolers and Their Parents: Associations Across 1 Year.

Objective: To determine whether parent health behavior changes and feeding practices were associated with child changes in body mass index z-score and related health behaviors over the course of 1 year.

Methods: Anthropometric data from 590 child-parent dyads of ethnic/racial minority groups were collected at baseline, 14 weeks (postintervention), and 1-year follow-up. Additionally, parent screen time and feeding practices and child dietary consumption, diet quality, physical activity, and screen time were collected.

Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Randomized Effectiveness Trial: 1-Year Follow-up Results.

Introduction: The preschool years provide a unique window of opportunity to intervene on obesity-related lifestyle risk factors during the formative years of a child's life. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a preschool-based obesity prevention effectiveness trial at 1-year follow-up.

Design: RCT.

Retaining traditionally hard to reach participants: Lessons learned from three childhood obesity studies.

Retaining underserved populations, particularly low-income and/or minority participants in research trials, presents a unique set of challenges. In this paper, we describe the initial retention strategies and enhanced the retention strategies over time across three childhood obesity prevention trials. Hip-Hop to Health Jr.

Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance of the Child Feeding Questionnaire in low-income Hispanic and African-American mothers with preschool-age children.

Validation work of the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) in low-income minority samples suggests a need for further conceptual refinement of this instrument. Using confirmatory factor analysis, this study evaluated 5- and 6-factor models on a large sample of African-American and Hispanic mothers with preschool-age children (n = 962). The 5-factor model included: 'perceived responsibility', 'concern about child's weight', 'restriction', 'pressure to eat', and 'monitoring' and the 6-factor model also tested 'food as a reward'.

Society of Behavioral Medicine position statement: elementary school-based physical activity supports academic achievement.

The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) urges elementary schools to provide children with ample opportunities to engage in physical activity during school hours. In addition to promoting overall child health, physical activity also supports academic achievement. In addition to improving their aerobic fitness, regular physical activity improves cognitive function, influences the brain, and improves mood in children.

The 18-month impact of special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children food package revisions on diets of recipient families.

Background: Beginning in 2009, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) revised its food packages and provided more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and fewer foods with high saturated fat content. However, knowledge of the impact of this policy shift on the diets of WIC participants remains limited.

Purpose: To examine the longer-term impact of the 2009 WIC food package change on nutrient and food group intake and overall diet quality among African American and Hispanic WIC child participants and their mothers/caregivers.

The effects of separate and combined dietary weight loss and exercise on fasting ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Compensatory metabolic changes that accompany weight loss, for example, increased ghrelin, contribute to weight regain and difficulty in long-term weight loss maintenance; however, the separate effects of long-term caloric restriction and exercise on total circulating ghrelin in humans are unknown.

Design: A 12-month randomized controlled trial comparing: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal ('diet'; n = 118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 45 min/day, 5 days/week ('exercise'; n = 117); iii) dietary weight loss and exercise ('diet + exercise'; n = 117); or iv) no-lifestyle-change control (n = 87).

Participants: 439 overweight or obese postmenopausal women (50-75 y).