A Rare Case of Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Immunocompetent Toddler Without Risk Factors.

Salmonella infections are common, though rarely cause disseminated or severe disease in immunocompetent children. We present a case of severe salmonella osteomyelitis and epidural abscess in a patient without significant risk factors. This patient presented over the course of multiple visits with nonspecific symptoms of fever, malaise, and eventual joint pain.

Important Nematodes in Children.

Intestinal nematode infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STH), such as the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus, infect more than 1 billion people throughout the world. School-aged children tend to harbor the greatest numbers of intestinal worms, and as a result, experience more adverse health consequences, such as poor growth, anemia, and cognitive decline. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion in endemic areas when patients present with surgical abdomens, particularly children.

Management of Infants Born to Mothers with HIV Infection.

In the United States, approximately 5,000 women living with HIV infection give birth each year. HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her child at any time during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and breastfeeding. Because of effective preventive measures, the transmission rate from pregnant women to their children has declined significantly.

Effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Pediatric Resident Well-Being.

Objectives: This study aims to identify factors specific to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect resident physicians' well-being, identify potential sources of anxiety, and assess for depression and stress among residents.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in April 2020 that evaluated resident perceptions about COVID-19 pandemic, its impact on their personal lifestyle, and coping mechanisms adopted. The respondents also completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10).

A Retrospective Study of the Impact of Rapid Diagnostic Testing on Time to Pathogen Identification and Antibiotic Use for Children with Positive Blood Cultures.

Introduction: Rapid identification of bloodstream pathogens provides crucial information that can improve the choice of antimicrobial therapy for children. Previous impact studies have primarily focused on adults. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of rapid testing in a children's hospital on time to organism identification and antibiotic use in the setting of an established antimicrobial stewardship program.

Using educational prescriptions to teach medical students evidence-based medicine.

Purpose: To evaluate feasibility and impact of evidence-based medicine (EBM) educational prescriptions (EPs) in medical student clerkships.

Methods: Students answered clinical questions during clerkships using EPs, which guide learners through the "four As" of EBM. Epidemiology fellows graded EPs using a rubric.

Trends in US Hospital Stays for Listeriosis in Infants.

Background And Objectives: Although listeriosis is rare in infants, it is common for young infants with suspected serious bacterial infection to be treated empirically with agents selected, in part, for their activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Our objectives were to describe the recent epidemiology of hospital discharges for listeriosis among infants in the United States and to precisely estimate the incidence of listeriosis according to infant age and meningitis status.

Methods: We generated national estimates for listeriosis discharges in each of the 6 years for which samples were available in the Kids' Inpatient Database during the period 1997-2012.

Trends in US hospital stays for Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Background: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is usually associated with diarrheal illness but can also occur in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection (SpHUS), particularly those with complicated pneumonia. Based on recent reports that hospital discharges for complicated pneumococcal pneumonia are increasing in US children, we studied whether discharges for SpHUS might also be increasing.

Methods: We used the Kids' Inpatient Database samples from 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 to estimate trends in US hospital discharges of children (0-18 years) for whom diagnosis codes indicated invasive pneumococcal disease, HUS, or both (SpHUS).