Association of parental history of diabetes with cardiovascular disease risk factors in children with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: Determine if parental diabetes (DM) is associated with unhealthier cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and whether associations differed by race/ethnicity.

Methods: Family history was available for 382 youth with T2D from 2001 prevalent and 2002-2005 incident SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth cohorts. Parental DM was evaluated in two ways: two-category-any parent vs.

Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009.

Importance: Despite concern about an "epidemic," there are limited data on trends in prevalence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes across US race and ethnic groups.

Objective: To estimate changes in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US youth, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity between 2001 and 2009.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Case patients were ascertained in 4 geographic areas and 1 managed health care plan.

Correlates of treatment patterns among youth with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To describe treatment regimens in youth with type 2 diabetes and examine associations between regimens, demographic and clinical characteristics, and glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This report includes 474 youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who completed a SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit. Diabetes treatment regimen was categorized as lifestyle alone, metformin monotherapy, any oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) other than metformin or two or more OHAs, insulin monotherapy, and insulin plus any OHA(s).

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: prevalence and genetic diagnosis in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Background: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is defined as diabetes with onset before 6 months of age. Nearly half of individuals with NDM are affected by permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). Mutations in KATP channel genes (KCNJ11, ABCC8) and the insulin gene (INS) are the most common causes of PNDM.

Insulin regimens and clinical outcomes in a type 1 diabetes cohort: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Objective: To examine the patterns and associations of insulin regimens and change in regimens with clinical outcomes in a diverse population of children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The study sample consisted of youth with type 1 diabetes who completed a baseline SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit after being newly diagnosed and at least one follow-up visit. Demographic, diabetes self-management, physical, and laboratory measures were collected at study visits.

Ambiguous genitalia: what prenatal genetic testing is practical?

Concern for ambiguous genitalia or chromosome-phenotype discordance detected in a prenatal setting has increased over the last two decades. Practitioners faced with this prenatal finding have a variety of genetic tests available to them; however, it is unclear to what extent prenatal testing for disorders of sex development (DSD) is useful or practical. We undertook a retrospective review of the medical records of 140 individuals evaluated through the DSD clinic at Seattle Children's Hospital with birthdates from 01/01/1994 through 08/16/2011 to determine the rate of prenatal detection of ambiguous genitalia in individuals with DSD, what prenatal diagnostic workup was undertaken, and the postnatal outcome, including whether a postnatal genetic diagnosis was confirmed.

Type 2 diabetes in childhood: clinical characteristics and role of β-cell autoimmunity.

The global obesity epidemic has led to dramatic increases in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among youth worldwide. In today's clinical practice it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from T2DM as many children with T1DM are overweight at diagnosis. Numerous recent publications note a significant proportion of physician-diagnosed T2DM youth with evidence of pancreatic autoimmunity, exemplifying the challenges in distinguishing between T1DM and T2DM.

Sequential comparisons of one-month and three-month depot leuprolide regimens in central precocious puberty.

Background: Dosing of monthly depot leuprolide (DL) in central precocious puberty (CPP) varies considerably. U.S.

Alternatives to growth hormone stimulation testing in children.

Despite more than 40 years of pediatric growth hormone (GH) replacement, we are still limited in our ability to make a definitive diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) in children. Historically, GH stimulation tests (GHSTs) have been used to discriminate between GHD and idiopathic short stature. Over the years, increases in the peak diagnostic GH cutoffs and the proliferation of GH assays have fundamentally changed the nature of the GHST.