Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society.

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has undergone significant changes since the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) drug was introduced. Currently, 19 original DMT drugs are registered in the European Union. The choice of optimal therapy is becoming increasingly challenging in the absence of reliable biomarkers on the basis of which disease progression and prognosis can be determined.

Religious meaning system and life satisfaction: the mediating role of meaning in life among Polish people with multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The complexity of the associations between religiosity and indicators of well-being suggests the presence of a mediating mechanism. Previous studies indicate that religion may influence subjective well-being because it helps to find meaning and purpose. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the mediating role of the presence and search dimensions of meaning in life in the relationship between religious meaning system and life satisfaction in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Analysis of Side Effects Following Vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis Treated With DMTs in Poland.

Background And Objectives: Since vaccination against COVID-19 is available for over a year and the population of immunized individuals with autoimmune disorders is higher than several months before, an evaluation of safety and registered adverse events can be made. We conducted a large study of side effects following the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with multiple (MS) sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and analyzed factors predisposing for particular adverse events.

Methods: We gathered data of individuals with MS treated with DMTs from 19 Polish MS Centers, who reported at least one adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination.

Safety of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 among Polish Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Disease-Modifying Therapies.

(1) Background: The present study aims to report the side effects of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were being treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in Poland. (2) Methods: The study included 2261 patients with MS who were being treated with DMTs, and who were vaccinated against COVID-19 in 16 Polish MS centers. The data collected were demographic information, specific MS characteristics, current DMTs, type of vaccine, side effects after vaccination, time of side-effect symptom onset and resolution, applied treatment, relapse occurrence, and incidence of COVID-19 after vaccination.

Personality of patients with multiple sclerosis and the use of hippotherapy.

Background: Hippotherapy is an acknowledged form of rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (MS) in Poland, but is still rarely used. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in the intensity of the personality traits of patients with MS who use and who do not use hippotherapy.

Methods: The examination covered 92 patients with MS, aged 15-81 years old (85.

Profile of Polish patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: Epidemiologic data on primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) in Poland are limited. The aim of this study was to assess selected clinical and socio-demographic factors of Polish patients with PPMS and compare this form and relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS) forms.

Methods: Patients who attended follow-up visits under the Registry of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (RejSM) were enrolled in the study in the autumn of 2017.

Internet Usage by Polish Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Questionnaire Study.

Background: The internet is a source of knowledge and medium widely used in services that facilitate access to information and networking. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients find the possibility of acquiring information relating to their condition particularly rewarding.

Objective: We aimed to identify Polish MS patients' preferences by analyzing a percentage of internet users and determining the most common search subjects and patients' approach to information on the internet.

Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI-551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: Results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study.

Background: B cells may be involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inebilizumab (formerly MEDI-551) binds to and depletes CD19 B cells.

Objectives: To assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity of inebilizumab in adults with relapsing MS.

The most important psychological and psychosocial needs of Polish multiple sclerosis patients and their significant others.

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their relatives often have multiple, complex needs which require support from a wide range of services. The aim of the study, the first of its kind in Poland, was to identify the most important needs of patients with MS and their significant others (SO).

Methods: A questionnaire developed from focus groups consisting of 20 needs-related statements was administered in seven MS centers to 573 MS patients and 220 SO.

Self-reported quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary results based on the Polish MS Registry.

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze selected clinical and sociodemographic factors and their effects on the quality of life (QoL) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients registered in the Polish MS Registry.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study performed in Poland. Data on personal and disease-specific factors were collected between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2015, via the web portal of the Polish MS Registry.

Parental attitudes and aggression in the Emo subculture.

Objectives: A better functioning of adolescents involves proper relationships with parents, whereas negative relationships lead to aggressive behaviour. Young members of Emo subculture, characterised by deep emotional sensitivity, are particularly vulnerable to parental influence. The aim was to specify a relationship between parental attitudes and aggression among adolescents from the Emo subculture in comparison with a control group.

Bioelectrical function and structural assessment of the retina in patients with early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Purpose: To determine bioelectrical function and structural changes of the retina in patients with early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Materials And Methods: Thirty-eight eyes of 20 patients with early idiopathic PD and 38 eyes of 20 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were ophthalmologically examined, including assessment of distance best-corrected visual acuity (DBCVA), slit lamp examination of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye, evaluation of the eye structures: paramacular retinal thickness (RT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with the aid of OCT, and the bioelectrical function by full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Additionally, PD patients were interviewed as to the presence of dopamine-dependent visual functions abnormalities.

Ophthalmological features of Parkinson disease.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the type and frequency of ophthalmologic changes occurring in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).

Material/methods: One hundred consecutive patients (196 eyes) with idiopathic PD and a control group consisting of 100 healthy patients (196 eyes) matched for age and sex underwent a complete ophthalmological examination of both eyes, including assessment of patient medical history, dry eye questionare, and visual hallucinations questionnaire, distance and near best corrected visual acuity (DBCVA, NBCVA), color vision, distance photopic contrast sensitivity, near point of convergence, slit lamp examination of the eye anterior segment, tear film osmolarity and breakup time, aqueous tear production, and intraocular pressure, as well as fundus examination and evaluation of the perimacular retinal thickness (RT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness.

Results: In the eyes of PD patients DBCVA, NBCVA, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimination were significantly reduced.

[Specificity of attention and cognitive inhibition processes in relapsing -remitting multiple sclerosis patients with consideration of their mood level].

Unlabelled: The results of contemporary neuropsychological analyses lay foundation for a broad discussion of the nature and causes of cognitive deficits in MS patients.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the level of alternating attention and dominant reaction inhibition in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients, with consideration of their mood level, age and disease duration.

Method: Experimental group consisted of 43 adults (30 women and 13 men) diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, with Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) results ranging between 2.

Some dopaminergic genes polymorphisms are not associated with response to antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenic patients.

Background: Therapeutic effects of all clinically used antipsychotics are related to the reduction of dopaminergic transmission in the limbic system. The aim of present study was two-fold. First, efficacy of atypical drugs (ziprasidone and olanzapine) against schizophrenia symptoms was compared to that offered by a typical antipsychotic medication, perazine.

Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia in the world. Patients with AD frequently complain of vision disturbances that do not manifest as changes in routine ophthalmological examination findings. The main causes of these disturbances are neuropathological changes in the visual cortex, although abnormalities in the retina and optic nerve cannot be excluded.

The role of NAT2 gene polymorphism in aetiology of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases with dementia.

Background And Purpose: The role of N-acetyltransferase gene (NAT2) polymorphism in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is an interesting issue; it is suggested that the slow acetylator genotype favours the damage of central nervous system cells by environmental toxins. The aims of the study were: 1) to determine the genotype of NAT2 in patients with sporadic PD with dementia and in patients with sporadic AD; 2) to evaluate the relationship between the genotype of NAT2 and the age at the onset of the disease, the extent of dementia, and the dose and side effects of L-dopa (in PD patients only); 3) to evaluate the predispositions to PD and AD.

Material And Methods: Fifty two PD patients with dementia aged 51-82 years (mean: 70.

CYP2D6 gene polymorphism as a probable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia.

Background And Purpose: The theory of multifactorial inheritance is considered in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD); therefore, it makes the genes regulating bioactivation or detoxification of exogenous substances candidates of sensitivity to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The aims of the study were: 1) to determine the genotypes of CYP2D6 cytochrome (CYP2D6) in patients with AD and sporadic PD with dementia; 2) to evaluate the relationship between the CYP2D6 genotype and the age of onset of the disease, the extent of dementia in AD and PD, the dose and side effects of L-dopa in PD; 3) to evaluate the usefulness of CYP2D6 genotyping in predicting predispositions to PD and AD.

Material And Methods: 53 patients with AD aged 58-84 (mean age 72.

[Electrophysiological changes in patients with early stages of Alzheimer's disease].

Purpose: An evaluation of retinal and optic nerve bioelectrical function in patients with early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Materials And Methods: 30 eyes of 15 patients in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease with normal eye fundus appearance were analysed. Electrophysiological tests of the retina and optic nerve (FVEP, PVEP, PERG, ERG) were performed according to ISCEV standards.

[Epidemiological analysis of primary dystonia in Szczecin and Gdańsk regions].

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of primary dystonia in Szczecin Region (total population of 995,000 individuals) and Gdansk Region (total population of 149,000 individuals). We identified on the prevalence day 31.12.