Hyponatremia in Acute Stroke Patients: Pathophysiology, Clinical Significance, and Management Options.

Background: Hyponatremia is frequent in acute stroke patients, and it is associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality.

Summary: Nonstroke-related causes of hyponatremia include patients' comorbidities and concomitant medications, such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and thiazides. During hospitalization, "inappropriate" administration of hypotonic solutions, poor solute intake, infections, and other drugs, such as mannitol, could also lower sodium levels in patients with acute stroke.

Significant Weight Loss in a Patient Taking Olmesartan: An Unusual Case Report.

Objective: Olmesartan-induced enteropathy consists a syndrome that mimics celiac disease both clinically and histologically. Cases of this entity have sporadically been reported since 2012 and are usually characterized by severe diarrhea and malabsorption, followed by significant weight loss.

Case Report: Herein, we report an uncommon case of this syndrome, where weight loss preceded several months the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Uric acid and cardiovascular risk: What genes can say.

Background: Although the relationship of elevated serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease has been established in a great number of studies, the causal relevance of this finding remains ambiguous. An approach to evaluate the causal relevance of biomarkers is to exploit the natural randomised allocation of allelic variation in genes affecting their level, also known as Mendelian randomisation.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to review the current literature regarding serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular and renal disease risk in Mendelian randomisation studies.

Hyponatremia in the elderly: challenges and solutions.

Decreased serum sodium concentration is a rather frequent electrolyte disorder in the elderly population because of the presence of factors contributing to increased antidiuretic hormone, the frequent prescription of drugs associated with hyponatremia and also because of other mechanisms such as the "tea and toast" syndrome. The aim of this review is to present certain challenges in the evaluation and treatment of hyponatremia in the elderly population and provide practical solutions. Hyponatremia in elderly subjects is mainly caused by drugs (more frequently thiazides and antidepressants), the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIAD) or endocrinopathies; however, hyponatremia is multifactorial in a significant proportion of patients.