Reconciling the contrasting narratives on the environmental impact of large language models.

The recent proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to divergent narratives about their environmental impacts. Some studies highlight the substantial carbon footprint of training and using LLMs, while others argue that LLMs can lead to more sustainable alternatives to current practices. We reconcile these narratives by presenting a comparative assessment of the environmental impact of LLMs vs.

The carbon emissions of writing and illustrating are lower for AI than for humans.

As AI systems proliferate, their greenhouse gas emissions are an increasingly important concern for human societies. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the carbon emissions associated with AI systems (ChatGPT, BLOOM, DALL-E2, Midjourney) and human individuals performing equivalent writing and illustrating tasks. Our findings reveal that AI systems emit between 130 and 1500 times less CO2e per page of text generated compared to human writers, while AI illustration systems emit between 310 and 2900 times less CO2e per image than their human counterparts.

Characteristics Of Key Patents Covering Recent FDA-Approved Drugs.

New drugs are protected by patents that block generic competition and allow manufacturers to charge high prices. To examine the breadth and characteristics of the key patents covering recently approved brand-name drugs, we extracted patents from the list maintained by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and evaluated the timing of patent filings, features of the drugs covered by patents, and whether similar patents were sought in other countries. Among seventy-eight qualifying drug approvals in 2019 and 2020, ten had zero patents, and the remaining sixty-eight drugs listed 322 different patents (the median number was 4).

C-reactive protein can predict anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most significant complications after colorectal surgery, affecting length of stay, patient morbidity, mortality, and long-term oncological outcome. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level rises in infective and inflammatory states. Elevated CRP has been shown to be associated with anastomotic leak.

Meta-analysis of transanal total mesorectal excision versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision in management of rectal cancer.

Objectives: To evaluate comparative outcomes of transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) and laparoscopic TME (LaTME) in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods: We systematically searched multiple databases and bibliographic reference lists. A combination of free text and controlled vocabulary search adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators, and limits were applied.

User innovation: a novel framework for studying animal innovation within a comparative context.

Much work has been dedicated to defining and describing animal innovation. Despite this, efforts to compare human and animal innovation have been hindered by perceived fundamental differences between how, and why, humans and animals innovate. Furthermore, there is not a useful framework for comparisons across different taxa.

Meta-analysis of temporary loop ileostomy closure during or after adjuvant chemotherapy following rectal cancer resection: the dilemma remains.

Objective: To evaluate comparative outcomes of temporary loop ileostomy closure during or after adjuvant chemotherapy following rectal cancer resection.

Methods: We systematic searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, ClinicalTrials.gov , ISRCTN Register and bibliographic reference lists.

Meta-analysis of medial-to-lateral versus lateral-to-medial colorectal mobilisation during laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Objectives: To evaluate comparative outcomes of medial-to-lateral and lateral-to-medial colorectal mobilisation in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and bibliographic reference lists. Perioperative mortality and morbidity, procedure time, length of hospital stay, rate of conversion to open procedure, and number of harvested lymph nodes were the outcome parameters.

Impact of medial-to-lateral vs lateral-to-medial approach on short-term and cancer-related outcomes in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Laparoscopic surgery is the favoured method of colorectal cancer resections. It is surgeon expertise and discretion to choose whether to mobilize colon lateral-to-medial or medial-to-lateral. We aim to identify the advantage of one approach over the other in short-term and cancerrelated outcomes.

CRISPR Becomes Clearer.

In this pivotal year for gene editing, the breakthrough molecular system CRISPR-Cas9 has advanced on three fronts. In under seven months, an influential scientific body-the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine-cracked open the door to human germline gene editing, ownership of patents covering CRISPR-Cas9 came into much sharper focus as a result of a dispute between two parties, and experiments showing proof of concept of the most controversial of uses-altering germlines of humans-were revealed as having been successfully performed by a mainstream laboratory. Given the vast spoils that await the patent owners, final results of all patent disputes over CRISPR-Cas9 patents may stretch on for years.