Understanding and identifying visual field progression.

Detecting deterioration of visual field sensitivity measurements is important for the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. This review surveys the current methods for assessing progression that are implemented in clinical devices, which have been used in clinical trials, alongside more recent advances proposed in the literature. Advice is also offered to clinicians on what they can do to improve the collection of perimetric data to help analytical progression methods more accurately predict change.

Validation of the Iowa Head-Mounted Open-Source Perimeter.

Purpose: To assess the validity of visual field (VF) results from the Iowa Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Open-Source Perimeter and to test the hypothesis that VF defects and test-retest repeatability are similar between the HMD and Octopus 900 perimeters.

Methods: We tested 20 healthy and nine glaucoma patients on the HMD and Octopus 900 perimeters using the Open Perimetry Interface platform with size V stimuli, a custom grid spanning the central 26° of the VF, and a ZEST thresholding algorithm. Historical data from the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) were also analyzed.

Nonlinear Reduction in Hyperautofluorescent Ring Area in Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Purpose: To report baseline dimension of the autofluorescent (AF) ring in a large cohort of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients and to evaluate models of ring progression.

Design: Cohort study.

Participants: Four hundred and forty-five eyes of 224 patients with clinical diagnosis of RP.

Suprathreshold Approaches to Mapping the Visual Field in Advanced Glaucoma.

Purpose: Measuring the spatial extent of defects may be advantageous in advanced glaucoma where conventional perimetric sensitivity measurements are unreliable. We test whether suprathreshold tests on a higher density grid can more efficiently map advanced visual field loss.

Methods: Data from 97 patients with mean deviation < -10 dB were used in simulations comparing two suprathreshold procedures (on a high-density 1.

Detecting glaucoma from multi-modal data using probabilistic deep learning.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of probabilistic deep learning models to discriminate normal eyes and eyes with glaucoma from fundus photographs and visual fields.

Design: Algorithm development for discriminating normal and glaucoma eyes using data from multicenter, cross-sectional, case-control study.

Subjects And Participants: Fundus photograph and visual field data from 1,655 eyes of 929 normal and glaucoma subjects to develop and test deep learning models and an independent group of 196 eyes of 98 normal and glaucoma patients to validate deep learning models.

A Method for Reducing the Number of Presentations in Perimetric Test Procedures.

Purpose: To introduce a new method (ARBON) for decreasing the test time of psychophysical procedures and examine its application to perimetry.

Methods: ARBON runs in parallel with an existing psychophysical procedure injecting occasional responses of seen or unseen into that procedure. Using computer simulation to mimic human responses during perimetry, we assess the performance of ARBON relative to an underlying test procedure and a version of that procedure truncated to be faster.

The Open Perimetry Initiative: A framework for cross-platform development for the new generation of portable perimeters.

The Open Perimetry Initiative was formed in 2010 with the aim of reducing barriers to clinical research with visual fields and perimetry. Our two principal tools are the Open Perimetry Interface (OPI) and the visualFields package with analytical tools. Both are fully open source.

Developing a Screening Tool for Areas of Abnormal Central Vision Using Visual Stimuli With Natural Scene Statistics.

Purpose: Previous studies show that some visual field (VF) defects are detectable from visual search behavior; for example, when watching video. Here, we developed and tested a VF testing approach that measures the number of fixations to find targets on a background with spatial frequency content similar to natural scenes.

Methods: Twenty-one older controls and 20 people with glaucoma participated.

Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma: Comparison Between PoPLR and ANSWERS.

Purpose: It has been suggested that the detection of visual field progression can be improved by modeling statistical properties of the data such as the increasing retest variability and the spatial correlation among visual field locations. We compared a method that models those properties, Analysis with Non-Stationary Weibull Error Regression and Spatial Enhancement (ANSWERS), against a simpler one that does not, Permutation of Pointwise Linear Regression (PoPLR).

Methods: Visual field series from three independent longitudinal studies in patients with glaucoma were used to compare the positive rate of PoPLR and ANSWERS.

Increased Depth, Reduced Extent, and Sharpened Edges of Visual Field Defects Measured by Compass Fundus Perimeter Compared to Humphrey Field Analyzer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare visual field results of the COMPASS fundus perimeter (CMP) and the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) in the same eyes; to compare structure-function concordance between circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (Cp-RNFL) profiles and the two perimetry results; and to evaluate whether differences between the two results reflect postulated advantages of real-time eye movement compensation during perimetry.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 24-2 visual field data measured with CMP and HFA together with Cp-RNFL optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan data from 95 eyes of 65 people with glaucoma. We defined visual field locations with total deviation (TD) less than -5 dB as defective.

Patients' Views of Visual Field Testing and Priorities for Research Development and Translation into Practice.

Purpose: Information regarding the views of patients, on visual field testing is limited, and no information exists regarding their preferences for test developments. This study aimed to increase knowledge of patients' experiences of visual field assessment and to explore their opinions and priorities regarding current areas of research and development.

Design: Online questionnaire with purposive sampling design.

Subjective measurement of the Stiles-Crawford effect with different field sizes.

The Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE) is the phenomenon in which light entering the eye near the center of the pupil appears brighter than light entering near the edge. Previous investigations have found an increase in the directionality (steepness) of the effect as the testing location moves from the center of the visual field to parafoveal positions, but the effect of central field size has not been considered. The influence of field size on the SCE was investigated using a uniaxial Maxwellian system in which stimulus presentation was controlled by an active-matrix liquid crystal display.

Do Additional Testing Locations Improve the Detection of Macular Perimetric Defects in Glaucoma?

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of additional central testing locations to improve detection of macular visual field (VF) defects in glaucoma.

Design: Prospective cross-sectional study.

Participants: Four hundred forty healthy people and 499 patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) were tested with a fundus tracked perimeter (CMP; CenterVue) using a 24-2 grid with 12 additional macular locations (24-2+).

Contrast Sensitivity on 1/f Noise Is More Greatly Impacted by Older Age for the Fovea Than Parafovea.

Significance: Contrast sensitivity changes across the visual field with age and is often measured clinically with various forms of perimetry on plain backgrounds. In daily life, the visual scene is more complicated, and therefore, the standard clinical measures of contrast sensitivity may not predict a patient's visual experience in more natural environments.

Purpose: This study aims to determine whether contrast thresholds in older adults are different from younger adults when measured on a 1/f noise background (a nonuniform background whose spatial frequency content is similar to those present in the natural vision environments).

Improving Personalized Structure to Function Mapping From Optic Nerve Head to Visual Field.

Purpose: Maps are required to relate visual field locations to optic nerve head regions. We compare individualized structure-to-function mapping (CUSTOM-MAP) to a population-derived mapping schema (POP-MAP).

Methods: Maps were compared for 118 eyes with glaucomatous field loss, circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and two landmarks: the optic nerve head (ONH) position relative to the fovea and the temporal raphe angle.

Effects of Criterion Bias on Perimetric Sensitivity and Response Variability in Glaucoma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to isolate and quantify the effects of observer response criterion on perimetric sensitivity, response variability, and maximum response probability.

Methods: Twelve people with glaucoma were tested at three locations in the visual field (age = 47-77 years, mean deviation = -0.61 to -14.

Increasing the Spatial Resolution of Visual Field Tests Without Increasing Test Duration: An Evaluation of ARREST.

Purpose: The Australian Reduced Range Extended Spatial Test (ARREST) approach was designed to improve visual field spatial resolution while maintaining a similar test duration to clinically used testing algorithms. ARREST does not completely threshold visual field locations with sensitivity < 17 dB, and uses the presentations saved to test new locations in areas of steep gradient within the visual field. Previous assessments of ARREST's performance have used computer simulation.

Recurrent Optic Disc Hemorrhage and Its Association with Visual Field Deterioration in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the association among optic disc hemorrhage (ODH) recurrence, location, and visual field (VF) progression.

Design: Prospective, observational study.

Participants: Patients with bilateral glaucoma or unilateral glaucoma with a fellow glaucoma suspect eye were enrolled.

A Depth-Dependent Integrated VF Simulation for Analysis and Visualization of Glaucomatous VF Defects.

Purpose: Visual fields (VF) are measured monocularly at a single depth, yet real-life activities require people to interact with objects binocularly at multiple depths. To better characterize visual functioning in clinical vision conditions such as glaucoma, analyzing visual impairment in a depth-dependent fashion is required. We developed a depth-dependent integrated VF (DD-IVF) simulation and demonstrated its usefulness by evaluating DD-IVF defects associated with 12 glaucomatous archetypes of 24-2 VF.

Effect of fundus tracking on structure-function relationship in glaucoma.

Aims: To investigate the effect of fundus tracking perimetry on structure-function relationship in glaucoma.

Methods: Perimetric data were acquired with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and the Compass fundus perimeter (CMP, equipped with fundus tracking). We included data from 696 eyes from 360 healthy people and 711 eyes from 434 patients with glaucoma from the original study, for which the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer optical coherence tomography scan (Cp-RNFL) was available.

Temporal Wedge Defects in Glaucoma: Structure/Function Correlation With Threshold Automated Perimetry of the Full Visual Field.

Precis: We used the Open Perimetry Interface (OPI) to design a static automated perimetry test of the full visual field. About half of our glaucoma cohort had defects in the far peripheral inferotemporal visual field that correlate well with related damage to the superior nasal optic disc.

Aims: To test the hypothesis that in glaucoma patients with mild visual loss, perimetric nerve fiber bundle defects present outside 30 degrees will correlate well with areas of Cirrus ocular coherence tomography (OCT) retinal nerve fiber layer thinning.

Geometry of the Retinal Nerve Fibers From Emmetropia Through to High Myopia at Both the Temporal Raphe and Optic Nerve.

Purpose: The geometry of retinal nerve fibers may be altered with myopia, a known risk factor for glaucoma. Recent developments in high resolution imaging have enabled direct visualization of nerve fiber bundles at the temporal raphe with clinical hardware, providing evidence that this area is sensitive to glaucomatous damage. Here, we test the hypothesis that nerve fiber geometry is altered by myopia, both at the temporal raphe and surrounding the optic nerve head.

Threshold Automated Perimetry of the Full Visual Field in Patients With Glaucoma With Mild Visual Loss.

Precis: The authors used the Open Perimetry Interface to design a static automated perimetry test of the full field. Abnormal test locations in the nasal midperiphery and temporal inferior sector area best separated glaucomas from normals.

Purpose: The peripheral visual field in glaucoma outside 30 degrees is largely unexplored with static perimetry.

Robot Assistants for Perimetry: A Study of Patient Experience and Performance.

Purpose: People enjoy supervision during visual field assessment, although resource demands often make this difficult. We evaluated outcomes and subjective experience of methods of receiving feedback during perimetry, with specific goals to compare a humanoid robot to a computerized voice in participants with minimal prior perimetric experience. Human feedback and no feedback also were compared.