Systematic Human Learning and Generalization From a Brief Tutorial With Explanatory Feedback.

We investigate human adults' ability to learn an abstract reasoning task quickly and to generalize outside of the range of training examples. Using a task based on a solution strategy in Sudoku, we provide Sudoku-naive participants with a brief instructional tutorial with explanatory feedback using a narrow range of training examples. We find that most participants who master the task do so within 10 practice trials and generalize well to puzzles outside of the training range.

Sex-Specific Vulnerability to Externalizing Problems: Sensitivity to Early Stress and Nucleus Accumbens Activation Over Adolescence.

Background: Exposure and sensitivity to early-life stress (ELS) are related to increased risk for psychopathology in adolescence. While cross-sectional studies have reported blunted nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation in the context of these associations, researchers have not yet assessed the effects of ELS on developmental trajectories of activation. We examined whether trajectories are affected by stress and the moderating role of biological sex in predicting vulnerability to symptoms of psychopathology.

Surgical treatment of craniovertebral junction instability in children with Down syndrome: a systematic review.

Objective: Down syndrome (DS) affects 1 in 700 live births and approximately one-third of patients develop craniovertebral junction (CVJ) instability, diagnosed by clinical examination and radiological measures such as the atlantodens interval (ADI) and space available for the cord (SAC). Patients with symptomatic CVJ instability are at increased risk for spinal cord injury. There are no guidelines for surgical management of CVJ instability in DS, the existing literature is sparse, and there is a lack of consistent pediatric data.

Visualizing in deceased COVID-19 patients how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the respiratory and olfactory mucosae but spares the olfactory bulb.

Anosmia, the loss of smell, is a common and often the sole symptom of COVID-19. The onset of the sequence of pathobiological events leading to olfactory dysfunction remains obscure. Here, we have developed a postmortem bedside surgical procedure to harvest endoscopically samples of respiratory and olfactory mucosae and whole olfactory bulbs.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthopedic surgery: a systematic review protocol.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are interwoven into our everyday lives and have grown enormously in some major fields in medicine including cardiology and radiology. While these specialties have quickly embraced AI and ML, orthopedic surgery has been slower to do so. Fortunately, there has been a recent surge in new research emphasizing the need for a systematic review.

A university map of course knowledge.

Knowledge representation has gained in relevance as data from the ubiquitous digitization of behaviors amass and academia and industry seek methods to understand and reason about the information they encode. Success in this pursuit has emerged with data from natural language, where skip-grams and other linear connectionist models of distributed representation have surfaced scrutable relational structures which have also served as artifacts of anthropological interest. Natural language is, however, only a fraction of the big data deluge.

Racial disparities in automated speech recognition.

Automated speech recognition (ASR) systems, which use sophisticated machine-learning algorithms to convert spoken language to text, have become increasingly widespread, powering popular virtual assistants, facilitating automated closed captioning, and enabling digital dictation platforms for health care. Over the last several years, the quality of these systems has dramatically improved, due both to advances in deep learning and to the collection of large-scale datasets used to train the systems. There is concern, however, that these tools do not work equally well for all subgroups of the population.

Review of Sickle Cell Disease and Spinal Pathology.

Study Design: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a relatively common blood disorder that has profound implications on the musculoskeletal system and particularly the spine; however, there is a paucity of data in the literature discussing this important topic.

Objectives: (1) To elucidate common spinal pathologies affecting patients with SCD, as well as the medical and surgical treatments available for these patients. (2) To discuss indications for surgical management of spinal complications of SCD and important for orthopedic surgeons when taking patients with SCD to the operating room.

Applying machine learning to the flagellar motor for biosensing.

Escherichia coli detects and follows chemical gradients in its environment in a process known as chemotaxis. The performance of chemotaxis approaches fundamental biosensor speed and sensitivity limits, but there have been relatively few attempts to incorporate the response into a functional biosensor. Toward that end, we have developed software to process digital microscope images of a large number of tethered E.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Treated With Injecting Botulinum Toxin Into Middle Scalene Muscle and Pectoral Muscle Interfascial Planes: A Case Report.

Thoracic outlet compression syndrome is a complex syndrome of neurovascular compression at the superior thoracic aperture, thought to occur at 1 of 3 anatomical compartments: the interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular space, and the retropectoralis minor space. Injection into the middle interscalene muscle (ISM) and/or pectoralis muscle plane (PECS I and II) is gaining popularity because it provides significant symptomatic relief. A 44-year-old woman was diagnosed with thoracic outlet compression syndrome, with failed conservative therapy, including physical therapy.