The Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase-4 (PDK4) in Bladder Cancer and Chemoresistance.

Advanced bladder cancer remains a major source of mortality, with poor treatment options. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment, however many patients are or become resistant. One potential cause of chemoresistance is the Warburg effect, a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis that occurs in many cancers.