Silencing hippocampal CA2 reduces behavioral flexibility in spatial learning.

The hippocampus is a key structure involved in learning and remembering spatial information. However, the extent to which hippocampal region CA2 is involved in these processes remains unclear. Here, we show that chronically silencing dorsal CA2 impairs reversal learning in the Morris water maze.

Impact of Time to Intervention on Catheter-Directed Therapy for Pulmonary Embolism.

Unlabelled: Cather-directed therapies (CDTs) are an evolving therapeutic option for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). Although many techniques have been studied, there is limited evidence for the impact of timing of intervention on patient outcomes. Our objective was to assess the association between time to CDT in patients presenting with PE on patient-related outcomes such as length of stay (LOS) and mortality.

Brian2Loihi: An emulator for the neuromorphic chip Loihi using the spiking neural network simulator Brian.

Developing intelligent neuromorphic solutions remains a challenging endeavor. It requires a solid conceptual understanding of the hardware's fundamental building blocks. Beyond this, accessible and user-friendly prototyping is crucial to speed up the design pipeline.

Neuromodulator-dependent synaptic tagging and capture retroactively controls neural coding in spiking neural networks.

Events that are important to an individual's life trigger neuromodulator release in brain areas responsible for cognitive and behavioral function. While it is well known that the presence of neuromodulators such as dopamine and norepinephrine is required for memory consolidation, the impact of neuromodulator concentration is, however, less understood. In a recurrent spiking neural network model featuring neuromodulator-dependent synaptic tagging and capture, we study how synaptic memory consolidation depends on the amount of neuromodulator present in the minutes to hours after learning.

Impact of pulmonary embolism response teams on acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The impact of pulmonary embolism response teams (PERTs) on treatment choice and outcomes of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is still uncertain.

Objective: To determine the effect of PERTs in the management and outcomes of patients with PE.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, WorldWideScience and MedRxiv were searched for original articles reporting PERT patient outcomes from 2009.

Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators are not associated with improved gas exchange in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Measure the effect of inhaled pulmonary vasodilators on gas exchange in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19.

Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study at three New York University Hospitals was performed including eighty-four mechanically ventilated SARS Cov-2 nasopharyngeal PCR positive patients, sixty nine treated with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and fifteen with inhaled epoprostenol (iEPO). The primary outcomes were change in PO:FO ratio, oxygenation Index (OI), and ventilatory ratio (VR) after initiation of inhaled pulmonary vasodilators.

CA2 beyond social memory: Evidence for a fundamental role in hippocampal information processing.

Hippocampal region CA2 has received increased attention due to its importance in social recognition memory. While its specific function remains to be identified, there are indications that CA2 plays a major role in a variety of situations, widely extending beyond social memory. In this targeted review, we highlight lines of research which have begun to converge on a more fundamental role for CA2 in hippocampus-dependent memory processing.

A local circadian clock for memory?

The master clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, is believed to control peripheral circadian oscillators throughout the brain and body. However, recent data suggest there is a circadian clock involved in learning and memory, potentially housed in the hippocampus, which is capable of acting independently of the master clock. Curiously, the hippocampal clock appears to be influenced by the master clock and by hippocampal dependent learning, while under certain conditions it may also revert to its endogenous circadian rhythm.

Successful use of an automated proning system to achieve prone positioning in a patient with severe ARDS requiring veno-venous ECMO.

A morbidly obese middle aged woman in her 40's presented to another hospital with methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and subsequently developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Her oxygenation demonstrated no improvement with low tidal volume ventilation, paralysis, or prostagladin therapy. She was unable to be manually proned secondary to her habitus.

Robust Trajectory Generation for Robotic Control on the Neuromorphic Research Chip Loihi.

Neuromorphic hardware has several promising advantages compared to von Neumann architectures and is highly interesting for robot control. However, despite the high speed and energy efficiency of neuromorphic computing, algorithms utilizing this hardware in control scenarios are still rare. One problem is the transition from fast spiking activity on the hardware, which acts on a timescale of a few milliseconds, to a control-relevant timescale on the order of hundreds of milliseconds.

Selective neuromodulation and mutual inhibition within the CA3-CA2 system can prioritize sequences for replay.

To make optimal use of previous experiences, important neural activity sequences must be prioritized during hippocampal replay. Integrating insights about the interplay between CA3 and CA2, we propose a conceptual framework that allows the two regions to control which sequences are reactivated. We suggest that neuromodulatory-gated plasticity and mutual inhibition enable discrete assembly sequences in both regions to support each other while suppressing competing sequences.

Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive Aid Booklet for Use in Rapid Response Scenarios.

Introduction: Rapid response teams (RRTs) have become ubiquitous among hospitals in North America, despite lack of robust evidence supporting their effectiveness. Many RRTs do not yet use cognitive aids during these high-stakes, low-frequency scenarios, and there are no standardized cognitive aids that are widely available for RRTs on medicine patients. We sought to design an emergency manual to improve resident performance in common RRT calls.

Rats in a levered T-maze task show evidence of time-place discriminations in two different measures.

It is difficult for rats to learn to go to an arm of a T-maze to receive food that is dependent on the time of day, unless the amount of food in each daily session is different. In the same task, rats show evidence of time-place discriminations if they are required to press levers in the arms of the T-maze, but learning is only evident when the first lever press is considered, and not the first arm visited. These data suggest that rats struggle to use time as a discriminative stimulus unless the rewards/events differ in some dimension, or unless the goal locations can be visited prior to making a response.

In a daily time-place learning task, time is only used as a discriminative stimulus if each daily session is associated with a distinct spatial location.

It is difficult for rats to acquire daily time-place (TP) learning tasks. One theory suggests that rats do not use time of day as a stimulus signaling a specific response. In the present study, we tested rats' ability to use time of day as a discriminative stimulus.

Differential effects of reciprocity and attitude similarity across long- versus short-term mating contexts.

Participants were 24 male and 32 female undergraduate and graduate students whom the authors recruited for an examination of the effects of attitude similarity and reciprocity on the degree of attraction toward potential mates. The authors examined the effects of these 2 variables on degree of liking in long-term and short-term contexts. The authors administered a vignette about a bogus stranger to each participant, varying the stranger's attitude similarity with and liking of the participant.