The impact of priming on dentally induced social judgements: An experimental study.

Objective: To ascertain the effects of priming to consider tooth appearance (i.e. exposure to a 'tooth whitening television advert') versus control (a 'non-dental' television advert) on social judgements of tooth colour in a group of Caucasians.

Investigation of hue effects in tooth whiteness perception.

Objective: To identify the hue angles that provide the optimal perception of tooth whitening.

Methods: Thirty-three male/female adult observers with normal color vision were recruited to assess teeth images on a color calibrated display. Images of teeth were generated which simulated color changes in each of eight hue directions in the CIE a*b* plane, each equi-distant from a baseline tooth color.

Protective effect of calcium silicate toothpaste on enamel erosion and abrasion .

Objectives: To compare the effect of a toothpaste containing fluoride (F), calcium silicate (CaSi) and sodium phosphate salts to conventional toothpaste (NaF) on human enamel specimens submitted to erosive and abrasive challenges.

Methods: 48 sound and 48 enamel samples pre-treated with 1% citric acid were divided into 4 groups (n = 12): Group 1- Non-fluoride toothpaste; Group 2- NaF toothpaste (1450 ppmF); Group 3- CaSi toothpaste (1450 ppmF; MFP); Group 4- Erosion only. The samples were subjected to pH cycling (3 cycles/day; 90s; 1% citric acid, pH 3.

In vitro dentine tubule occlusion by a novel toothpaste containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate.

Objectives: To investigate the deposition, formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and acid resistance of dentine surfaces following brushing with a toothpaste containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate (CSSP) and fluoride in vitro.

Methods: Human dentine specimens were brushed with a slurry of CSSP toothpaste followed by exposure to simulated oral fluid (SOF) in two in vitro studies, with a silica-based non-occluding toothpaste as control. The surface and tubule deposits were analysed after 14 cycles with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED).

Detection threshold of non-contacting laser profilometry and influence of thermal variation on characterisation of early surface form and textural changes in natural human enamel.

Objectives: To determine the detection threshold of non-contacting laser profilometry (NCLP) measuring surface form and surface roughness change in natural human enamel in vitro, characterise how ambient scanning thermal variation affects NCLP measurement, and calculate bulk enamel loss in natural human enamel.

Methods: NCLP repeatability and reproducibility accuracy was determined by consecutively scanning natural human enamel samples with/without sample repositioning. Ambient thermal variation and NCLP sensor displacement over short (30 s), medium (20 min), and long (2 h) scanning periods were evaluated for their standard deviation.

European Organization for Caries Research Workshop: Methodology for Determination of Potentially Available Fluoride in Toothpastes.

Toothpastes are the most universally accepted form of fluoride delivery for caries prevention. To provide anti-caries benefits, they must be able to release fluoride during the time of tooth brushing or post brushing into the oral cavity. However, there is no standard accepted procedure to measure how much fluoride in a toothpaste may be (bio) available for release.

Tooth whitening evaluation of blue covarine containing toothpastes.

Objectives: To measure the tooth whitening effects delivered immediately after brushing with silica-based toothpastes containing blue covarine in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: Salivary pellicle coated human extracted teeth were brushed with either a slurry of a toothpaste containing blue covarine (BC), a formulation containing an increased level of blue covarine (BC+) or a negative control toothpaste containing no blue covarine. The colour of the specimens were measured in vitro using either a Minolta chromameter or a VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer, before and after brushing and changes in CIELAB values and tooth Whiteness Index (WIO) values calculated.

The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of a video-based digital imaging system for tooth colour measurement.

Objectives: To assess the robustness of a new custom built video-based digital imaging system (VDIS) for measuring tooth colour and whiteness under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Methods: The VDIS imaging system was developed for tooth colour measurement and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro validation used extracted human teeth (HT, n=14) stored in water and VITA Classical shade guide tabs (SG, n=16).

Investigation of the perceptual thresholds of tooth whiteness.

Objective: To investigate the tooth whiteness perceptibility thresholds of the average observer to changes in the CIELAB values and an optimised whiteness Index for dentistry (WIO) based on psychophysical studies.

Methods: A psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of digital images of teeth on a calibrated display with a group of observers (n=32) has been conducted to determine the perceptual thresholds in tooth whiteness. Digital simulations of a tooth that is identical in shape to the left incisor in the image of teeth were superimposed on to images.

An interproximal model to determine the erosion-protective effect of calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, fluoride formulations.

Objectives: Previous work has shown the effectiveness of a newly developed interproximal model to differentiate between the amount of remineralization caused by toothpastes used with or without a dual-phase gel treatment system containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride to repair acid-softened enamel. The aim of this study was to utilize the same interproximal model to identify how effective calcium silicate phosphate toothpastes are at reducing surface softening in the early stages of erosion. The model was also used to identify the effect of increasing the frequency of acid exposure on the reduction in surface hardness.

Tooth colour and whiteness: A review.

Objectives: To review current knowledge concerning the application of colour science on tooth colour and whiteness description, measurement, distribution and its psychological impact.

Data Sources: "Scopus" databases were searched electronically with the principal keywords tooth, teeth, colour, white, whiteness. Language was restricted to English and original studies and reviews were included.

In vitro and clinical evaluation of optical tooth whitening toothpastes.

Objectives: To measure tooth whitening effects delivered immediately after brushing with silica-based toothpastes containing either blue covarine or a combination of blue covarine and FD&C Blue No. 1 in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: Salivary pellicle coated human extracted teeth were brushed with either a slurry of a toothpaste containing blue covarine (BC) or a formulation containing a matched level of blue covarine and FD&C Blue No.

In vitro evaluation of a silica whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine on the colour of teeth containing anterior restoration materials.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a silica-based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine on the colour of restorations in extracted human teeth.

Methods: Human extracted teeth were mounted in acrylic resin. A cavity was cut into the enamel surface and the specimen restored with either glass ionomer or composite dental materials.

Combinatorial localized dissolution analysis: Application to acid-induced dissolution of dental enamel and the effect of surface treatments.

A combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to quantitatively study the acid-induced dissolution of dental enamel. A micron-scale liquid meniscus formed at the end of a dual barrelled pipette, which constitutes the SECCM probe, is brought into contact with the enamel surface for a defined period. Dissolution occurs at the interface of the meniscus and the enamel surface, under conditions of well-defined mass transport, creating etch pits that are then analysed via AFM.

Remineralisation effect of a dual-phase calcium silicate/phosphate gel combined with calcium silicate/phosphate toothpaste on acid-challenged enamel in situ.

Objectives: To test if a novel dual-phase gel system (calcium silicate and phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as NaF/MFP; TG) combined with a toothpaste (calcium silicate and sodium phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as MFP; TG) was able to re-harden previously acid-challenged enamel to a greater extent than other toothpastes.

Methods: The study consisted of a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design with four 7-day treatment legs. In each leg, subjects wearing a partial denture holding four demineralised enamel specimens (25 min in 0.

Introduction of an interproximal mineralisation model to measure remineralisation caused by novel formulations containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride.

Objectives: To introduce a new interproximal mineralisation model and to investigate the effectiveness of novel toothpaste and dual phase gel formulations to remineralise acid softened enamel in a simulated interproximal environment.

Methods: Specimens were positioned opposite each other with an approximately 100 μm space between enamel surfaces to simulate an interproximal environment. Target specimens were demineralised in 1% (w/v) citric acid, pH3.

Enhanced enamel benefits from a novel toothpaste and dual phase gel containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate salts.

Objective: To investigate the enamel health benefits of a novel toothpaste and a dual phase gel containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate and fluoride.

Methods: Enamel demineralisation was assessed using two pH cycling protocols with either lactic acid or citric acid as the acid challenge. Remineralisation of lactic acid softened and citric acid softened enamel was assessed using a number of protocols.

Mode of action studies on the formation of enamel minerals from a novel toothpaste containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate salts.

Objectives: To investigate in vitro and in situ the deposition and formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) on enamel surfaces following brushing with a novel toothpaste containing calcium silicate (CaSi), sodium phosphate salts and fluoride.

Methods: Polished enamel blocks were brushed in vitro with a slurry of the CaSi toothpaste. After one brush and four weeks simulated brushing the enamel surfaces were analysed.

Measurement of the efficacy of calcium silicate for the protection and repair of dental enamel.

Objectives: To investigate the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) from calcium silicate and the deposition of calcium silicate onto sound and acid eroded enamel surfaces in order to investigate its repair and protective properties.

Methods: Calcium silicate was mixed with phosphate buffer for seven days and the resulting solids analysed for crystalline phases by Raman spectroscopy. Deposition studies were conducted on bovine enamel surfaces.

Enamel mineral loss.

Objectives: To summarise the chemical, biological and host factors that impact enamel mineral loss, to highlight approaches to contemporary management of clinical conditions involving mineral loss and summarise emerging trends and challenges in this area.

Data Sources: "Medline" and "Scopus" databases were searched electronically with the principal key words tooth, enamel, *mineral*, caries and erosion. Language was restricted to English and original studies and reviews were included.

The remineralisation of enamel: a review of the literature.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge and technologies for tooth remineralisation.

Data Sources: The literature was searched using the "Scopus" and "Web of Knowledge" database from the year 1971, with principal key words of *miner*, teeth and enamel. Language was restricted to English.

The effect of toothpaste concentration on enamel and dentine wear in vitro.

Objectives: To determine the effect of toothpaste concentration on enamel and dentine wear in vitro and to model the effects of toothpaste abrasion upon dilution during toothbrushing in vivo.

Methods: Polished human enamel/dentine specimens were indented with a Knoop diamond and the enamel-dentine junction profiled. Specimens were brushed for 1200s with toothpastes with differing relative dentine abrasivity (RDA), either Toothpaste A (RDA=90) or Toothpaste B (RDA=200), using a toothbrush mounted in a brushing machine.

Whitening toothpastes: a review of the literature.

Objectives: To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy.

Methods: Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms white*, toothpaste and dentifrice.

Conclusions: Due to the reported consumer and patient dissatisfaction with their perceived tooth color, toothpaste manufacturers have responded by developing a vast array of contemporary whitening toothpastes.

A silica toothpaste containing blue covarine: a new technological breakthrough in whitening.

There continues to be a demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. These products are generally either peroxide-based bleaching formats to improve intrinsic tooth colour or whitening toothpastes with enhanced physical and chemical cleaning properties to remove and prevent extrinsic tooth stain. Through the understanding of colour science and its application to tooth colour a new approach to tooth whitening is now possible from toothpaste.

Evaluation of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening gel on enamel microhardness after extended use.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitener, Xtra White, on sound human enamel microhardness in vitro after an extended and exaggerated simulated 8 weeks of product use.

Method And Materials: Polished human enamel specimens were prepared and baseline microhardness and color measurements determined. The enamel specimens were exposed to a fluoride-containing toothpaste for 30 seconds and then exposed to water, Xtra White, a control carbopol gel containing no hydrogen peroxide, or a carbonated beverage (each group, n = 8) for 20 minutes.