Increased Risk of Acute Pancreatitis with Codeine Use in Patients with a History of Cholecystectomy.

Background: Codeine has a spasmodic effect on sphincter of Oddi and is suspected to cause acute pancreatitis in patients with a history of cholecystectomy.

Aims: To assess the association between codeine use and acute pancreatitis in patients with a previous cholecystectomy.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective nested case-control study using the 2005-2015 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database.

β-Adrenoreceptor agonists in the management of pain associated with renal colic: a systematic review.

Objectives: To determine whether β-adrenoreceptor agonists are effective analgesics for patients with renal colic through a systematic review of the literature.

Setting: Adult emergency departments or acute assessment units.

Participants: Human participants with proven or suspected renal colic.