Manning the Barricades: Lung Fibroblasts and CD4+ T Cells as the Last Line of Defense against Bacterial Invasion?

Fibroblasts are a major structural cell in the human lung, being responsible for the production of extracellular matrix components that provide the intricate structure necessary for correct lung function. Generally located in the submucosa, fibroblasts do not usually directly interact with the commensal microbes that we now know are resident in the airways. However, during situations in which alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells are impaired, for example, during severe viral infections leading to pneumonia, bacteria can invade the lung mesenchyme.

Analysis of the skin of mice humanized for the immune system.

Development of new immunotherapeutic strategies relies on the ability to activate the right cells at the right place and at the right moment and on the capacity of these cells to home to the right organ(s). Skin delivery has shown high potency for immunotherapeutic administration. However, an adequate in vivo model of human skin immunity is still a critical bottleneck.

Human Lung Fibroblasts Present Bacterial Antigens to Autologous Lung Th Cells.

Lung fibroblasts are key structural cells that reside in the submucosa where they are in contact with large numbers of CD4 Th cells. During severe viral infection and chronic inflammation, the submucosa is susceptible to bacterial invasion by lung microbiota such as nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Given their proximity in tissue, we hypothesized that human lung fibroblasts play an important role in modulating Th cell responses to NTHi.

The prescribed duration algorithm: utilising 'free text' from multiple primary care electronic systems.

Purpose: To develop and test an algorithm that translates total dose and daily regimen, inputted as 'free text' on a prescription, into numerical values to calculate the prescribed treatment duration.

Method: The algorithm was developed using antibiotic prescriptions (n = 711,714) from multiple primary care computer systems. For validation, the prescribed treatment duration of an independent sample of antibiotic scripts was calculated in two ways: (a) computer algorithm, (b) manually reviewed by a researcher blinded to the results of (a).