Carbonate-Metal Reactions in the Lower Mantle.

Carbonates are important carbon-bearing phases in the mantle. While their role in upper mantle petrologic processes has been well studied, their effect on phase relations, melting, and transport properties in the lower mantle is less understood. The stability of carbonates in the mantle depends on a host of factors, including pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and reactions with surrounding mantle phases.

The Urgent Need for an Evidence-Based Digital Mental Health Practice Model of Care for Youth.

Australian providers of mental health services and support for young people include private and public allied health providers, government initiatives (eg, headspace), nongovernment organizations (eg, Kids Helpline), general practitioners (GPs), and the hospital system. Over 20 years of research has established that many young people prefer to seek mental health support online; however, clear client pathways within and between online and offline mental health services are currently lacking. The authors propose a Digital Mental Health Practice model of care for youth to assist with digital mental health service mapping.

The Reel Health Care Professionals of Instagram: A Systematic Review.

Social media and health research have covered the benefits for the public and patients as users. Specifically, this has focused on searching for health information, connecting with others experiencing similar health issues, and communicating with their health professionals. Recently, there has been a shift in research to focus on health care professionals as users as they participate in professional development, improve communication with patients, and contribute to health research and service.

Health Professionals' Use of Online Communities for Interprofessional Peer Education.

Online communities in health care are well established as technologies for facilitating interactions between patients with common conditions and communication between patients and health professionals. Less well known is how health professionals use these platforms to connect with their peers, particularly for interprofessional education or support. We present early results from our exploratory international mixed methods (survey and interview) study of health professionals' experience of engaging with online communities for interprofessional peer education.

Mental Health Help-Seeking Behavior of Male Video Game Players: An Online Survey.

Video gaming is a popular pastime for young males, having been shown to have both positive and negative effects on players' mental health. The aim of the current study was to ascertain the rate that male video gamers may seek mental health support for mental ill-health generally. The secondary aims were to (a) identify the most prolific barriers to seeking help; (b) determine how confident this group is to seek help; and (c) whether the variance in help-seeking efficacy be explained, in part, by age, hours gamed, self-esteem, and social capital.

Providing Self-Led Mental Health Support Through an Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chat Bot (Leora) to Meet the Demand of Mental Health Care.

Digital mental health services are becoming increasingly valuable for addressing the global public health burden of mental ill-health. There is significant demand for scalable and effective web-based mental health services. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to improve mental health through the deployment of chatbots.

Increasing Access to Mental Health Services: Videogame Players' Perspectives.

Young men's mental health is at the forefront of global public health concerns. Young males, who have a high incidence of mental health disorders, are a population that accesses services at lower rates than females and makes up the majority of videogame players. By considering the unique perspectives of digitally connected individuals on mental health service delivery, interventions may be designed to address their needs with a higher likelihood of success.

The Use of Virtual Reality for Managing Psychological Distress in Adolescents: Systematic Review.

Acute and chronic psychological distress are prevalent during adolescence and can have negative impacts on adolescents in all life domains. The aim of this systematic review was to appraise the use of virtual reality (VR) interventions to manage symptoms of psychological distress symptoms among adolescents. MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched up to June 2020.

Facebook as a recruitment tool for adolescent health research: a systematic review.

Background: Researchers are increasingly using social media to recruit participants to surveys and clinical studies. However, the evidence of the efficacy and validity of adolescent recruitment through Facebook is yet to be established.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the use of Facebook to recruit adolescents for health research.

E-health as a life long learning process: how to prepare health professionals for this journey.

Background: The e-health environment is a rapidly changing one. To effectively engage with technology for healthcare delivery, health professionals must be able to adapt to this constantly evolving environment very quickly. Learning and adapting to new e-health technologies is a life-long learning process.

The effect of e-health contents on health science students' attitude toward the efficiency of health ICT in care provision.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of e-health education content on the attitude of undergraduate health science students towards the efficiency of health ICT in healthcare provision.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used. Participants were Health Sciences students attending The University of Sydney.

How do enzymes reduce metals? The mechanism of the reduction of Cr(VI) in chromate by cytochrome c7 proteins proposed from DFT calculations.

Various bacteria are effective in metal reduction, and there is an increasing use of such micro-organisms for decontaminating polluted environments. Iron-containing electron transfer proteins, particularly those of the cytochrome c7 family, can bind a number of toxic metals in their high oxidation states, and can reduce them via electron transfer mechanisms. We report a computational investigation of the binding of CrO4(2-) to the cytochrome c7 of Desulfuromonas acetoxidans and explore possible mechanisms for the subsequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).

Aberrant expression of the neuronal transcription factor FOXP2 in neoplastic plasma cells.

FOXP2 mutation causes a severe inherited speech and language defect, while the related transcription factors FOXP1, FOXP3 and FOXP4 are implicated in cancer. FOXP2 mRNA and protein expression were characterised in normal human tissues, haematological cell lines and multiple myeloma (MM) patients' samples. FOXP2 mRNA and protein were absent in mononuclear cells from different anatomical sites, lineages and stages of differentiation.

Catalytic cycles for the reduction of [UO2]2+ by cytochrome c7 proteins proposed from DFT calculations.

The mechanism of the reduction of the hydrated uranyl cation, [UO2](2+), by the cytochromes G. sulfurreducens and D. acetoxidans has been studied using density functional theory calculations.

Measurement of temperature distributions across laser heated samples by multispectral imaging radiometry.

Two-dimensional temperature mapping of laser heated diamond anvil cell samples is performed by processing a set of four simultaneous images of the sample, each obtained at a narrow spectral range in the visible to near infrared. The images are correlated spatially, and each set of four points is fitted to the Planck radiation function to determine the temperature and the emissivity of the sample, using the gray body approximation. The method is tested by measuring the melting point of Pt at 1 bar and measuring laser heated Fe at 20 GPa in the diamond anvil cell.

Stress and psychological well-being among allied health professionals.

This study reports findings of an online survey of 139 health professionals. Health professionals were asked about the degree and type of workplace stress they encountered, as well as general perceived stress, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. The sample comprised social workers, psychologists, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech pathologists, and a small number of other allied health professionals.

Internet use by the socially fearful: addiction or therapy?

The Internet has often been argued to have adverse psychological consequences, such as depression or anxiety symptoms, among "over-users." The present study offers an alternative understanding, suggesting the Internet may be used as a forum for expanding social networks and consequently enhancing the chance of meaningful relationships, self-confidence, social abilities, and social support. An online sample of 188 people was recruited over the Internet, while paper and pencil tests were administered to an offline sample group of 27 undergraduate university students, who were regular Internet users.

Iron-rich silicates in the Earth's D'' layer.

High-pressure experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that an iron-rich ferromagnesian silicate phase can be synthesized at the pressure-temperature conditions near the core-mantle boundary. The iron-rich phase is up to 20% denser than any known silicate at the core-mantle boundary. The high mean atomic number of the silicate greatly reduces the seismic velocity and provides an explanation to the low-velocity and ultra-low-velocity zones.

Ferromagnesian postperovskite silicates in the D'' layer of the Earth.

Natural olivine with 12 mol % Fe(2)SiO(4) and synthetic orthopyroxenes with 20% and 40% FeSiO(3) were studied beyond the pressure-temperature conditions of the core-mantle boundary. All samples were found to convert entirely or partially into the CaIrO(3) postperovskite structure, which was recently reported for pure MgSiO(3). The incorporation of Fe greatly reduces the pressure needed for the transition and establishes the new phase as the major component of the D'' layer.

Iron-silicon alloy in Earth's core?

We have investigated the phase relations in the iron-rich portion of the iron-silicon (Fe-Si) alloys at high pressures and temperatures. Our study indicates that Si alloyed with Fe can stabilize the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase up to at least 84 gigapascals (compared to approximately 10 gigapascals for pure Fe) and 2400 kelvin. Earth's inner core may be composed of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Fe with up to 4 weight percent Si, but it is also conceivable that the inner core could be a mixture of a Si-rich bcc phase and a Si-poor hcp phase.