PD-L1 in Melanoma and Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Local and Regional Immune Suppression through M2-like Macrophage Polarization.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play dual roles in tumor progression. TAMs are known to induce programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells. However, the regulatory effects of PD-L1 in melanoma cells on TAM phenotypical switching remain underexplored.

Unveiling Therapeutic Opportunities with Melanoma Patient-derived Organoid Models.

With the development of immunotherapy, there is an ongoing need to develop models that can recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of native tumors. While traditional two- and three-dimensional models can offer insights into cancer development and progression, these lack crucial aspects that hinder a faithful mimic of native tumors. An alternative model that has gained a lot of attention is the patient-derived organoid.

Endoscopic Resection of Localized Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis in the Hoffa Fat Pad.

Pathologies within the fat pad can have either intrinsic or extrinsic causes. Most of them are the consequences of trauma and degeneration, but inflammatory and neoplastic diseases can arise in the fat pad. Pigmented villonodular synovitis is the most common space-occupying lesion of the Hoffa fat pad, followed by ganglion.

Arthroscopic Dorsal Closing-Wedge Osteotomy of Metatarsal Head for Management of Freiberg Infraction.

Freiberg infraction is a relatively rare osteochondrosis of the lesser metatarsal head. Operative treatment is indicated if conservative treatment fails to relieve the pain. Dorsal closing-wedge osteotomy is a realignment osteotomy of the metatarsal head and neck to redirect the articular surface, allowing the intact plantar cartilage to articulate with the proximal phalanx.

Three-dimensional printed multiphase scaffolds for regeneration of periodontium complex.

Tooth-supporting periodontium forms a complex with multiple tissues, including cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone. In this study, we developed multiphase region-specific microscaffolds with spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium regeneration. Polycarprolactione-hydroxylapatite (90:10 wt%) scaffolds were fabricated using three-dimensional printing seamlessly in three phases: 100-μm microchannels in Phase A designed for cementum/dentin interface, 600-μm microchannels in Phase B designed for the PDL, and 300-μm microchannels in Phase C designed for alveolar bone.